Immunothrombosis and COVID-19 ‒ a nested post-hoc analysis from a 3186 patient cohort in a Latin American public reference hospital

Abstract Objective COVID-19 is associated with an elevated risk of thromboembolism and excess mortality. Difficulties with best anticoagulation practices and their implementation motivated the current analysis of COVID-19 patients who developed Venous Thromboembolism (VTE). Method This is a post-hoc analysis of a COVID-19 cohort, described in an economic study already published. The authors analyzed a subset of patients with confirmed VTE. We described the characteristics of the cohort, such as demographics, clinical status, and laboratory results. We tested differences amid two subgroups of patients, those with VTE or not, with the competitive risk Fine and Gray model. Results Out of 3186 adult patients with COVID-19, 245 (7.7%) were diagnosed with VTE, 174 (5.4%) of them during admission to the hospital. Four (2.3% of these 174) did not receive prophylactic anticoagulation and 19 (11%) discontinued anticoagulation for at least 3 days, resulting in 170 analyzed. During the first week of hospitalization, the laboratory most altered results were C-reactive protein and D-dimer. Patients with VTE were more critical, had a higher mortality rate, worse SOFA score, and, on average, 50% longer hospital stay. Conclusion Proven VTE incidence in this severe COVID-19 cohort was 7.7%, despite 87% of them complying completely with VTE prophylaxis. The clinician must be aware of the diagnosis of VTE in COVID-19, even in patients receiving proper prophylaxis.

[Does the pharmaceutical industry interfere in the sustainability of the public health system in Brazil? A reflection on the pressure for the incorporation of medicines]. / A indústria farmacêutica interfere na sustentabilidade do sistema de saúde pública no Brasil? Uma reflexão sobre a pressão por incorporação de medicamentos.

The objective is to analyze the contribution of the pharmaceutical industry to the sustainability of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), based on the pressure for the incorporation of medicines. For this purpose, a descriptive study was conducted on requests for the incorporation of medicines sent to Commission for Incorporation of Technologies in the SUS (CONITEC) from 2012 to 2020. Characteristics such as technology indication, economic evaluation, financing component, public consultation, and CONITEC decision were analyzed. The results were compared according to the type of solicitor using statistical tests. 514 requests were analyzed, of which 438 related to incorporation. The pharmaceutical industry accounted for 37% of the requests and 33.5% of the incorporations. Differences were observed between the solicitors regarding the type of economic evaluation and incremental cost-utility ratio value, with half of the industry's demands above the threshold of 3 PIB per capita/QALY. The pharmaceutical industry obtained more contributions in public consultations of its requests and presented concentration of requests for antineoplastic and immunomodulatory agents and for anti-infectious, especially for hepatitis C and HIV. There was also a lower number of demands from the pharmaceutical industry in the Basic and Strategic Components of Pharmaceutical Assistance. Our findings point to the tension between the significant participation of the industry as an applicant, the high mobilization of public consultations, the emphasis on Specialized Component drugs, and CONITEC's resistance to this pressure, with a tendency of greater refusal and greater participation of other solicitors in requests for expansion of use, exclusion, and incorporation of drugs that are less requested by the pharmaceutical industry.

O objetivo foi analisar a contribuição da indústria farmacêutica na sustentabilidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a partir da pressão pela incorporação de medicamentos. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo descritivo das solicitações de incorporação de medicamentos enviadas à Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no SUS (CONITEC) entre 2012 e 2020. Foram analisadas características como a indicação da tecnologia, avaliação econômica, componente de financiamento, consulta pública e decisão da CONITEC. Os resultados foram comparados segundo o tipo de demandante por teste estatístico. Foram analisadas 514 solicitações, sendo 438 referentes à incorporação. A indústria farmacêutica foi responsável por 37% das solicitações e 33,5% das incorporações. Foram observadas diferenças entre os demandantes quanto ao tipo de avaliação econômica e ao valor de razão custo-utilidade incremental, com metade das demandas da indústria acima do limiar de 3 PIB per capita/QALY. A indústria farmacêutica obteve mais contribuições nas consultas públicas de suas solicitações e apresentou concentração das solicitações em agentes antineoplásicos e imunomoduladores e em anti-infecciosos, sobretudo, para hepatite C e HIV. Também notou-se menor quantidade de demandas da indústria farmacêutica nos Componentes Básico e Estratégico da Assistência Farmacêutica. Os achados apontam o tensionamento entre a expressiva participação da indústria como solicitante, alta mobilização em consultas públicas e ênfase em medicamentos do Componente Especializado e a resistência da CONITEC a essa pressão, com tendência de maior recusa e maior participação de outros solicitantes nos pedidos de ampliação de uso, exclusão e incorporação de medicamentos menos requisitados pela indústria farmacêutica.

El objetivo fue analizar la contribución de la industria farmacéutica a la sostenibilidad del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), con base en la presión por la incorporación de medicamentos. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las solicitudes de incorporación de medicamentos enviadas a Comisión de Incorporación de Tecnologías en el SUS (CONITEC) entre el 2012 y el 2020. Se analizaron características como la indicación de tecnología, evaluación económica, componente de financiación, consulta pública y decisión de la CONITEC. Los resultados se compararon según el tipo de demandante por prueba estadística. Se analizaron 514 solicitudes, de las cuales 438 se refieren a la incorporación. La industria farmacéutica fue responsable del 37% de las solicitudes y del 33,5% de las incorporaciones. Se observaron diferencias entre los demandantes en cuanto al tipo de evaluación económica y al valor de la relación costo-utilidad incremental, con la mitad de las demandas de la industria por encima del umbral de 3 PIB per cápita/QALY. La industria farmacéutica obtuvo más contribuciones en las consultas públicas de sus solicitudes y presentó una concentración de solicitudes en agentes antineoplásicos e inmunomoduladores y en antiinfecciosos, especialmente para hepatitis C y VIH. También se constató una menor cantidad de demandas de la industria farmacéutica en los Componentes Básicos y Estratégicos de la Asistencia Farmacéutica. Los hallazgos apuntan a la tensión entre la expresiva participación de la industria como solicitante, alta movilización en las consultas públicas y énfasis en los medicamentos del Componente Especializado y la resistencia de CONITEC a esta presión, con una tendencia de mayor negativa y mayor participación de otros solicitantes en las solicitudes de ampliación del uso, exclusión e incorporación de medicamentos menos requeridos por la industria farmacéutica.

A indústria farmacêutica interfere na sustentabilidade do sistema de saúde pública no Brasil? Uma reflexão sobre a pressão por incorporação de medicamentos / Does the pharmaceutical industry interfere in the sustainability of the public health system in Brazil? A reflection on the pressure for the incorporation of medicines / ¿La industria farmacéutica interfiere en la sostenibilidad del sistema público de salud en Brasil? Una reflexión sobre la presión por la incorporación de medicamentos

O objetivo foi analisar a contribuição da indústria farmacêutica na sustentabilidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a partir da pressão pela incorporação de medicamentos. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo descritivo das solicitações de incorporação de medicamentos enviadas à Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no SUS (CONITEC) entre 2012 e 2020. Foram analisadas características como a indicação da tecnologia, avaliação econômica, componente de financiamento, consulta pública e decisão da CONITEC. Os resultados foram comparados segundo o tipo de demandante por teste estatístico. Foram analisadas 514 solicitações, sendo 438 referentes à incorporação. A indústria farmacêutica foi responsável por 37% das solicitações e 33,5% das incorporações. Foram observadas diferenças entre os demandantes quanto ao tipo de avaliação econômica e ao valor de razão custo-utilidade incremental, com metade das demandas da indústria acima do limiar de 3 PIB per capita/QALY. A indústria farmacêutica obteve mais contribuições nas consultas públicas de suas solicitações e apresentou concentração das solicitações em agentes antineoplásicos e imunomoduladores e em anti-infecciosos, sobretudo, para hepatite C e HIV. Também notou-se menor quantidade de demandas da indústria farmacêutica nos Componentes Básico e Estratégico da Assistência Farmacêutica. Os achados apontam o tensionamento entre a expressiva participação da indústria como solicitante, alta mobilização em consultas públicas e ênfase em medicamentos do Componente Especializado e a resistência da CONITEC a essa pressão, com tendência de maior recusa e maior participação de outros solicitantes nos pedidos de ampliação de uso, exclusão e incorporação de medicamentos menos requisitados pela indústria farmacêutica.

The objective is to analyze the contribution of the pharmaceutical industry to the sustainability of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), based on the pressure for the incorporation of medicines. For this purpose, a descriptive study was conducted on requests for the incorporation of medicines sent to Commission for Incorporation of Technologies in the SUS (CONITEC) from 2012 to 2020. Characteristics such as technology indication, economic evaluation, financing component, public consultation, and CONITEC decision were analyzed. The results were compared according to the type of solicitor using statistical tests. 514 requests were analyzed, of which 438 related to incorporation. The pharmaceutical industry accounted for 37% of the requests and 33.5% of the incorporations. Differences were observed between the solicitors regarding the type of economic evaluation and incremental cost-utility ratio value, with half of the industry's demands above the threshold of 3 PIB per capita/QALY. The pharmaceutical industry obtained more contributions in public consultations of its requests and presented concentration of requests for antineoplastic and immunomodulatory agents and for anti-infectious, especially for hepatitis C and HIV. There was also a lower number of demands from the pharmaceutical industry in the Basic and Strategic Components of Pharmaceutical Assistance. Our findings point to the tension between the significant participation of the industry as an applicant, the high mobilization of public consultations, the emphasis on Specialized Component drugs, and CONITEC's resistance to this pressure, with a tendency of greater refusal and greater participation of other solicitors in requests for expansion of use, exclusion, and incorporation of drugs that are less requested by the pharmaceutical industry.

El objetivo fue analizar la contribución de la industria farmacéutica a la sostenibilidad del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), con base en la presión por la incorporación de medicamentos. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las solicitudes de incorporación de medicamentos enviadas a Comisión de Incorporación de Tecnologías en el SUS (CONITEC) entre el 2012 y el 2020. Se analizaron características como la indicación de tecnología, evaluación económica, componente de financiación, consulta pública y decisión de la CONITEC. Los resultados se compararon según el tipo de demandante por prueba estadística. Se analizaron 514 solicitudes, de las cuales 438 se refieren a la incorporación. La industria farmacéutica fue responsable del 37% de las solicitudes y del 33,5% de las incorporaciones. Se observaron diferencias entre los demandantes en cuanto al tipo de evaluación económica y al valor de la relación costo-utilidad incremental, con la mitad de las demandas de la industria por encima del umbral de 3 PIB per cápita/QALY. La industria farmacéutica obtuvo más contribuciones en las consultas públicas de sus solicitudes y presentó una concentración de solicitudes en agentes antineoplásicos e inmunomoduladores y en antiinfecciosos, especialmente para hepatitis C y VIH. También se constató una menor cantidad de demandas de la industria farmacéutica en los Componentes Básicos y Estratégicos de la Asistencia Farmacéutica. Los hallazgos apuntan a la tensión entre la expresiva participación de la industria como solicitante, alta movilización en las consultas públicas y énfasis en los medicamentos del Componente Especializado y la resistencia de CONITEC a esta presión, con una tendencia de mayor negativa y mayor participación de otros solicitantes en las solicitudes de ampliación del uso, exclusión e incorporación de medicamentos menos requeridos por la industria farmacéutica.

Use and misuse of biomarkers and the role of D-dimer and C-reactive protein in the management of COVID-19: A post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high mortality among hospitalized patients and incurs high costs. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection can trigger both inflammatory and thrombotic processes, and these complications can lead to a poorer prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the association and temporal trends of D-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels with the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), hospital mortality, and costs among inpatients with COVID-19. METHODS: Data were extracted from electronic patient records and laboratory databases. Crude and adjusted associations for age, sex, number of comorbidities, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at admission, and D-dimer or CRP logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations. RESULTS: Between March and June 2020, COVID-19 was documented in 3,254 inpatients. The D-dimer level ≥4,000 ng/mL fibrinogen equivalent unit (FEU) mortality odds ratio (OR) was 4.48 (adjusted OR: 1.97). The CRP level ≥220 mg/dL OR for death was 7.73 (adjusted OR: 3.93). The D-dimer level ≥4,000 ng/mL FEU VTE OR was 3.96 (adjusted OR: 3.26). The CRP level ≥220 mg/dL OR for VTE was 2.71 (adjusted OR: 1.92). All these analyses were statistically significant (p<0.001). Stratified hospital costs demonstrated a dose-response pattern. Adjusted D-dimer and CRP levels were associated with higher mortality and doubled hospital costs. In the first week, elevated D-dimer levels predicted VTE occurrence and systemic inflammatory harm, while CRP was a hospital mortality predictor. CONCLUSION: D-dimer and CRP levels were associated with higher hospital mortality and a higher incidence of VTE. D-dimer was more strongly associated with VTE, although its discriminative ability was poor, while CRP was a stronger predictor of hospital mortality. Their use outside the usual indications should not be modified and should be discouraged.

COVID-19-related hospital cost-outcome analysis: The impact of clinical and demographic factors

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although patients' clinical conditions have been shown to be associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) severity and outcome, their impact on hospital costs are not known. This economic evaluation of COVID-19 admissions aimed to assess direct and fixed hospital costs and describe their particularities in different clinical and demographic conditions and outcomes in the largest public hospital in Latin America, located in São Paulo, Brazil, where a whole institute was exclusively dedicated to COVID-19 patients in response to the pandemic. Methods: This is a partial economic evaluation performed from the hospitaĺs perspective and is a prospective, observational cohort study to assess hospitalization costs of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted between March 30 and June 30, 2020, to Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) and followed until discharge, death, or external transfer. Microand macro-costing methodologies were used to describe and analyze the total cost associated with each patient's underlying medical conditions, itinerary and outcomes as well as the cost components of different hospital sectors. Results: The average cost of the 3254 admissions (51.7% of which involved intensive care unit stays) was US$12,637.42. The overhead cost was its main component. Sex, age and underlying hypertension (US$14,746.77), diabetes (US$15,002.12), obesity (US$18,941.55), chronic renal failure (US$15,377.84), and rheumatic (US$17,764.61), hematologic (US $15,908.25) and neurologic (US$15,257.95) diseases were associated with higher costs. Age strata >69 years, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19, comorbidities, use of mechanical ventilation or dialysis, surgery and outcomes remained associated with higher costs. Conclusion: Knowledge of COVID-19 hospital costs can aid in the development of a comprehensive approach for decision-making and planning for future risk management.