Design of a data set of qPCR primers for the early region of Human Papillomavirus oncogenic types 16 and 18.

High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types 16 and 18 are estimated to be responsible for 72.4% of all HPV-related cancers worldwide in both men and women, including cervical, anal, penile, vulval, vaginal and head and neck cancers [1]. Important efforts worldwide have devoted to the study of these genotypes, throughout epidemiology and basic science approaches. Of particular interest are the genes from the early region (E), coding non-structural proteins. Early genes E1 and E2 products are involved in replication and transcription regulation, while E6 and E7 proteins are recognised for their oncogenic potential. In this data report, we described a set of primers based on reference sequences from HPV16 and HPV18 designed to cover the early region of these oncogenic genotypes. The design was based on multiple sequences alignment to identify the less conserved regions along the open reading frames (ORFs) E6, E7, E1 and E2. The design allows a highly stringent real time PCR essay ranged from 123 to 598 bp overlapping products for HPV16 (12 products in total) and from 183 to 526 bp for HPV18 (11 products in total), both spanning the early genomic region. The high annealing temperatures (Ta) and regions selected for primer bind were intended for genotypic specificity, without compromising the qPCR amplification efficiency (≥ 90%). Evaluation of qPCR conditions for primer set was performed using DNA standards as controls, generated from the HPV16 and 18 genomes clones. This provides relevant information for further multiple quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qPCR), using the SYBR green chemistry, which is is more affordable than generating multiple fluorescently labeled probes.

Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Infecting the Anal Canal and Cervix in HIV+ Men and Women, Anal Cytology, and Risk Factors for Anal Infection.

The incidence of anal intraepithelial neoplasias associated with HPV is rising worldwide. In the general population, this pathology is rare, but individuals living with HIV/AIDS are at a significantly higher risk. We aimed to study HPV infection and performed cytological screening to study the epidemiological and behavioral determinants in a group of men and women living with HIV from a region in Mexico with high HIV incidence. This was a cross-sectional study including adults living with HIV/AIDS performed in Merida (Mexico). We invited patients of public HIV/STD clinics and those affiliated with social organizations of people living with HIV to participate in the study. Participants responded to an instrument to assess their risky behaviors and clinical history. Swabs from the anal canal and cervix and anal cytology specimens were obtained by medical staff from women and by self-sampling from men. For the 200 participants, 169 men and 31 women, anal HPV PCR tests resulted in 59.8% positivity (62.6% of men and 45.2% of women), and 17 genotypes were identified. The most frequent high-risk (HR) types for the anal canal were: HPV33 (35.3%), HPV58 (20.6%), HPV66 (18.6%), HPV45 (17.6%), and HPV16 (14.7%). Multiple genotypes were found in over 80% of the participants. Receptive anal intercourse in the previous 12 months, inconsistent condom use, and detectable HIV titers (≥50 cc/mL) were associated with HPV infection (p < 0.05). Cytology (smears and liquid-based) identified that 34.6% of the participants had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), and 3.5% had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Neither HPV nor lesions were associated with low CD4+ counts (<200 cells/mm3, p > 0.05). Of the women, 60% were infected in the cervix and 45% in the anal canal, with an agreement of at least one genotype in 90%. The HR-HPV types associated with HSILs were HPV66, 33, 52, 51, 45, 18, and 68.

[Molecular detection of human papillomavirus among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cáncer.] / Detección molecular del virus de papiloma humano en pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna y cáncer de próstata.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the presenceof human papillomavirus in prostate and its associationwith prostate cancer. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted.Tissue samples with benign hyperplasia and prostatecancer were collected. Risk factors related to prostatecancer and human papillomavirus were assessedby a medical interview. Prostate tissue was obtainedby transrectal biopsy or transurethral resection. Theidentification of viral genome was assessed by the amplificationof 450 pb., from L1 gene. Real time PCR wasused to identified HPV genotypes 16 and 18. For dataanalysis, the χ2 test, Student's T test or Mann-WhitneyU test and OR were computed. RESULTS: Thirty and 99 with benign prostatehyperplasia were included in a 1:3 ratio, with a meanage of 69.44±9.22 years. The global prevalence of humanpapillomavirus was 15.2% being similar in bothcases (15.6%) and controls (15.1%) with no significantdifference (p = 0.572). Forty percent of the infectionswere persistent. From all positive samples, only in the40% were identified some of the genotypes analyzed(16 and 18). The group of patients with Gleason scorede > 7 had a virus prevalence of 16%. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the presence ofthe human papillomavirus genome in prostate tissuewith and without neoplasia; no association was foundbetween infection and prostate cancer.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar la presencia delvirus de papiloma humano en próstata y su asociacióncon cáncer.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudiode casos y controles, para lo cual se colectaronmuestras de tejido con hiperplasia benigna y concáncer de próstata. Se realizó una historia clínicapara conocer la presencia de los factores de riesgoasociados al cáncer de próstata, así como los relacionadoscon el virus. El tejido prostático fue obtenidopor biopsia transrectal o resección transuretral.La identificación del genoma viral se realizó amplificandoun fragmento de 450 del gen L1 por mediode una PCR clásica. Para la identificación de los genotipos16 y 18, se utilizó PCR tiempo real. Para elanálisis de los datos se utilizó la prueba de χ2, pruebade T de Student o U de Mann-Whitney y cálculode OR. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 32 pacientes concáncer de próstata y 99 con hiperplasia benigna depróstata en una relación 1:3. La media de edad fuede 69.44±9.22 años. La prevalencia global del virusde papiloma humano fue de 15.2% siendo similar en los casos y entre casos (15.6%) y controles (15.1%),no existiendo diferencia significativa (p=0.572). El40% de las infecciones eran persistentes. Del totalde las muestras positivas, solamente en el 40% seencontró alguno de los dos genotipos analizados (16y 18). Los pacientes con un puntaje de Gleason > 7tuvieron una prevalencia del virus de 16%. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados ponen de manifiestola presencia del genoma del virus del papilomahumano en próstata con y sin neoplasia, no se encontróasociación entre la infección y el cáncer de próstata.

Human papillomavirus type 13: Genome amplification and characterization data.

As for 2020 only two complete genomes of Human papillomavirus type 13 (HPV13) are publicly available in GenBank database. In addition, reports of partial sequences of genetic regions are very limited. Therefore, genomic research that contributes to knowledge of viral components involved in HPV13 pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms associated to multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MEH) disease are urged. In the accompanying paper [1], we aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of HPV13 associated to MEH disease, obtained from a Mayan boy living in Yucatan, Mexico. Coding sequences were annotated, and viral proteins traduced and deposited in GenBank with accession number MT068446. In this data report, we present the oligonucleotide list used to amplify the complete genome, a graphical abstract of process employed for the amplification of circular HPV13 genome, a representative figure of PCR products obtained for sequencing and multiple sequence alignments with the translated coding sequences of the existing genomes: X62843 is the first HPV13 genome reported [2]; it was generated from a clone obtained from a Turkish patient; DQ344807 was originally obtained from a patient in the Amazonian region [3]. The multiple sequence alignments show the main viral proteins (predicted). This provides relevant information for future molecular analysis and epidemiological studies because HPV13 is an understudied genotype associated to a neglected disease that appears more commonly in children. Additionally, the description of the methods can help in future sequencing of HPV genomes. We hope that our solutions will help researchers who do not have next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. A more comprehensive analysis of this data may be obtained from "Genomic characterization of Human papillomavirus type 13, associated to Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia, in a Mayan community" [1].

Genomic characterization of human papillomavirus type 13, associated to multifocal epithelial hyperplasia, in a Mayan community.

Human papillomavirus type 13 (HPV13) is a low-risk HPV type associated with Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (MEH). It is considered a rare pathology of oral mucosa, more prevalent in certain ethnical groups, such as the Maya from Yucatan in Mexico. As for 2020 only two complete genomes of HPV13 are publicly available in Genbank database (one from Turkey one from the Amazonian). We aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of HPV13 associated to MEH, obtained from a community in the Mayan area from Mexico. A bank of oral swabs from children with MEH were used. To enrich the sample, a Rolling Cycle Amplification (RCA) method was performed followed by overlapping end-point PCR of 500 bp fragments, Sanger sequencing and assembly. Eight open reading frames (ORFs) were annotated (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, L1 and L2 genes). When compared with the other two previously reported genomes the identity at nucleotide level is high 98.9% and 99.6%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree shows that Yucatan HPV13 is more closely related to HPV13 obtained from the Amazonian. Most changes identified at amino acid level are substitutions derived from nucleotide variations or SNPs in coding regions. Amino-acid changes were observed in E2 and E1 proteins (n ≥ 8), and in L1, L2, E6 and E5 proteins (n ≤ 5). E7 protein from Yucatan has 100% identity with the reported from Amazonian and differs (94.1% identity) with the one from Turkey due to 3 substitutions and three missing amino acids. In conclusion, the genome from HPV13 (7831 bp, 49 nt missing) associated to MEH in the Mayan area from Yucatan was obtained from stored swabs; this is the first effort in Mexico, the second in Latin America, and the third of the world. More research that contributes to the knowledge of the determinants underlying this neglected pathology are urged.

Infección por citomegalovirus humano en neonatos de un hospital público de Mérida, Yucatán / Human cytomegalovirus infection in neonates from a public hospital in Mérida, Yucatán

Resumen Introducción: El citomegalovirus humano es reconocido como la causa más común de infección viral congénita, la cual puede darse como resultado de infección primaria, reinfección o reactivación en la mujer embarazada; además, puede ocasionar retraso en el desarrollo neuronal y pérdida auditiva sensoneural en el neonato. Objetivo: Identificar la infección por citomegalovirus humano en neonatos por PCR en tiempo real (PCR-TR) y cultivo celular. Método: Estudio observacional, longitudinal y retrospectivo con muestras de hisopado oral provenientes de 362 neonatos nacidos en un periodo de 10 meses en un hospital público de Mérida, Yucatán. Se realizó PCR-TR para la detección de citomegalovirus humano. Se obtuvo cultivo celular primario de fibroblastos a partir de tejido de prepucio humano para recuperar el virus. Se siguieron solo los casos positivos. Resultados: Se encontró 0.86 % de infección por citomegalovirus humano por PCR-TR. No se recuperó el virus en cultivo. En las visitas de seguimiento, la salud sensorial y el neurodesarrollo fueron adecuados. Conclusión: La prevalencia de infección por citomegalovirus humano en neonatos fue similar a la de reportes mundiales y solo pudo evidenciarse por PCR. La infección asintomática detectada entre las 12 a 24 horas del nacimiento no tuvo consecuencias a largo plazo.

Abstract Introduction: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is recognized as the most common cause of congenital viral infection, which can occur as a result of primary infection, reinfection or infection reactivation in the pregnant woman and be the cause of delay in neuronal development and sensorineural hearing loss in the neonate. Objective: To identify CMVH infection in newborns by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cell culture. Method: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study with oral swab samples from 362 neonates born within a 10-month period in a public hospital of Mérida, Yucatán. RT-PCR was carried out for the detection of HCMV. Fibroblast primary cell culture was obtained from human foreskin tissue to isolate the virus. Only positive cases were followed. Results: A prevalence of HCMV infection of 0.86 % was found by RT-PCR. No virus was isolated with cell culture. In the follow-up visits, sensory health and neurodevelopment were adequate. Conclusion: The prevalence of HCMV infection is similar to that of worldwide reports, and only was detected by RT-PCR. Asymptomatic infection detected 12-14 h after birth had no long-term health consequences.

Conductas sexuales en adolescentes de una escuela secundaria en Mérida, Yucatán, México / Sexual behavior in a group of yucatecan adolescents

Resumen Introducción La conducta sexual ha sido ampliamente estudiada en sujetos mayores de 18 años. La edad de inicio de vida sexual ha ido disminuyendo, sin embargo, estudiar la conducta sexual en adolescentes es un reto, y la información es escasa. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis descriptivo de la conducta sexual de un grupo de adolescentes yucatecos. Material y Método Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal y descriptivo que incluyó a 245 adolescentes de 11 a 16 años. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo con un instrumento autoaplicable y los resultados se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados El 5.71% (14/245) de la población estudiada refirió ser sexualmente activa; (8.26%, (10/121) de los varones y 3.22% (4/124) de las mujeres), declarándose todos heterosexuales. Las caricias y/o besos en genitales fueron las prácticas sexuales más comunes 78.57% (11/14); la masturbación a la pareja, el sexo oral y el sexo con penetración anal o vaginal se reportaron con la misma frecuencia 28.57% (4/14). El 21.4% (3/14) utilizaron condón en su primera relación sexual y 7.14% (1/14) ha tenido relaciones sexuales en los últimos 6 meses bajo el efecto del alcohol o drogas. El 2.04% (5/245) de la población estudiada practica cibersexo. Conclusión Es baja la frecuencia de adolescentes que han iniciado su vida sexual, sin embargo, la protección es prácticamente inexistente lo que los hace vulnerables a contraer infecciones de transmisión sexual y tener embarazos no deseados.

Abstract Introduction Sexual behavior has been widely studied in subjects older than 18 years despite the increasing evidence that the age of onset of sexual life has been decreasing. Studying adolescent population is a challenge because of the ethical implications it entails, making information on this issue scarce. The objective of this work is to perform descriptive analysis on the sexual behavior in a group of yucatecan adolescents. Material and methods A prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted, including 245 adolescents, 11 to 16 years old. The data collection was carried out with a self-applicable instrument, and the results were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results The 5.71% (14/245) of the population reported having already started their sexual life; (8.26%, (10/121), of males and 3.22% (4/124); of females) declaring themselves as being heterosexual. Genital kissing and touching were the most common sexual practices 78.57% (11/14); masturbation to the couple, oral sex, and anal/vaginal intercourse were reported with the same frequency 28.57% (4/14). In addition, 21.4% (3/14) used condom in their first sexual relationship, and 7.14% (1/14) reported sexual activity in the last 6 months while being under the effects of alcohol or drugs. The 2.04% (5/245) of the studied sample reported practicing cybersex. Conclusion The frequency of adolescents who have begun their sexual life is low, however, protection is practically non-existent which makes them vulnerable to contract sexually transmitted infections and having unintended pregnancies.

Prevalence of anal infection due to high-risk human papillomavirus and analysis of E2 gene integrity among women with cervical abnormalities.

BACKGROUND: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) infection has been associated with 90% of anal cancer cases. Women with abnormal cytology are a high-risk group to develop anal neoplasia. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence and epidemiology of HR-HPV 16, 18, 45, and 58 anal infections in women with cervical abnormalities, as well as to assess E2 gene integrity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 311 cervical and 311 anal samples from patients with abnormal cytology in two colposcopy clinics in Yucatan, Mexico. A specific PCR for oncogenes was performed in order to identify HVP 16, 18, 45 and 58. Real time PCR was used to amplify the whole HPV 16, 18, and 58 E2 gene to verify its integrity in anal samples. RESULTS: High risk HPV 16, 18, 58, and/or 45 were found in 41.47% (129/311) of cervical samples, and in 30.8% (96/331) of anal samples, with 18% (57/311) of the patients being positive in both samples. The same genotypes in both anatomical sites were observed in 11.25% (35/311). The E2 gene was disrupted in 82% of all tested samples. The frequency of genome disruption viral integration in anal samples by genotype was: HPV 58 (97.2%); HPV 16 (72.4%), and HPV 18 (0%). CONCLUSION: Women with cervical disease have HR-HPV anal infections, and most of them have the E2 gene disrupted, which represents a risk to develop anal cancer.

Epidemiología de la infección oral por VPH en sujetos jóvenes sanos / Epidemiology of oral HPV infection in young healthy individuals

Resumen Introducción: La infección por VPH es la infección viral de transmisión sexual más frecuente, y se encuentra asociada a diversas neoplasias. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología, historia natural y factores de riesgo asociados a la infección oral por VPH en adultos jóvenes asintomáticos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de corte longitudinal, que incluyó sujetos sin patología oral, a los que se les tomó una muestra de la mucosa bucal. A todos los sujetos con resultados positivos se les realizó un nuevo muestreo seis meses después. Se identificó la presencia del virus por RPC; los datos demográficos y de conducta sexual fueron obtenidos con una encuesta que respondieron sin intervención del investigador. Resultados: Se recolectaron 102 muestras de sujetos de 18-26 años de edad, 60 (58,8%) correspondieron al sexo masculino. La prevalencia del virus fue de 6,9%; todos los sujetos positivos tenían vida sexual. Las relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo fue la única variable asociada a la presencia del virus (p < 0,05). A los seis meses, todos los sujetos habían eliminado al virus. Conclusión: La infección oral por VPH es transitoria y está asociada a relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo, principalmente mujeres que tienen sexo con mujeres.

Background: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection, and is associated with several neoplasms. Aim: To describe the epidemiology, natural history and risk factors associated with oral HPV infection in asymptomatic young adults. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted, including subjects without oral pathology, who were sampled from the oral mucosa. All subjects with positive results were re-sampled 6 months later. The presence of HPV was identified by PCR. Demographic and sexual behavior data were obtained with a survey that was responded without the intervention of the researcher. Results: 102 samples were collected from subject of 18-26 years old, 60 (58.8%) were male. The prevalence of the virus was 6.9%; all positive subjects had active sexual life. Same-gender relationships were the only variable associated with the presence of the virus (p < 0.05). At six months all subjects had eliminated the virus. Conclusion: Oral HPV infection is transient and is associated to same-gender relationships, mainly women who have sex with women.

Genetic Variability in E6 and E7 Oncogenes from Human Papillomavirus Type 58 in Mexican Women.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The study aimed to describe human papillomavirus (HPV) 58 genetic variability in E6 and E7 oncogenes from women in southeast Mexico and their phylogenetic relationships with the sequences from other geographical regions. METHODS: The E6-E7 region was amplified by nested PCR, and sequenced for identification of polymorphisms, phylogenetic trees construction, and haplotype and fixation tests. RESULTS: HPV58 positive samples were obtained from a repository, 54 were amplified, 47 sequences for the E6 gene, and 51 sequences for the E7 gene were obtained. Fifteen new E6 mutations were found; the most frequent were G279T (G57V; 29.78%), T249G (F47C; 34.04%), and A270G (Y54C; 34.04%), and previously reported c307t (63.82%). For E7, 17 known mutations were found, the most frequent were C632T (T20I), 35.30%, G760A (G63S), 35.30%, and t744g 74.50%. No significant association with the severity of the lesions was found. The polytomy in the E6 tree did not allow proposing phylogenetic relationship, and E7 tree presented defined branches. All sequences were presumably A lineage, most closely related to A1 and/or A3 sublineage. HPV58 variants are not specific for a geographical area. Population and fixation analyses suggest a possible Asian origin of HPV58 from Yucatan. The most frequent E7 haplotype in Yucatan groups with other populations of the world. CONCLUSION: The genetic variability of HPV58 from Mexico was described for the first time. E7 was more conserved than E6. New mutants present exclusively in Yucatan were identified.

[Epidemiology of oral HPV infection in young healthy individuals]. / Epidemiología de la infección oral por VPH en sujetos jóvenes sanos.

BACKGROUND: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection, and is associated with several neoplasms. AIM: To describe the epidemiology, natural history and risk factors associated with oral HPV infection in asymptomatic young adults. METHODS: A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted, including subjects without oral pathology, who were sampled from the oral mucosa. All subjects with positive results were re-sampled 6 months later. The presence of HPV was identified by PCR. Demographic and sexual behavior data were obtained with a survey that was responded without the intervention of the researcher. RESULTS: 102 samples were collected from subject of 18-26 years old, 60 (58.8%) were male. The prevalence of the virus was 6.9%; all positive subjects had active sexual life. Same-gender relationships were the only variable associated with the presence of the virus (p < 0.05). At six months all subjects had eliminated the virus. CONCLUSION: Oral HPV infection is transient and is associated to same-gender relationships, mainly women who have sex with women.

Epidemiology of oral HPV in the oral mucosa in women without signs of oral disease from Yucatan, Mexico.

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) are considered necessary for the development of cervical cancer. Furthermore, there is no doubt that some types of oral squamous cell carcinoma are associated with HR-HPV. The epidemiology of oral HPV infections in healthy subjects remains unclear due to a lack of knowledge. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections of the oral mucosa without pathology. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 390 women seeking prenatal care, Pap smears, family planning or gynecological diseases were studied. Oral cells were collected by direct swab sampling. Information regarding sociodemographic status, sexual behavior, infectious diseases, contraceptive history and tobacco and alcohol consumption were obtained through direct interviews. HPV and genotypes were detected by type-specific polymerase chain reaction. Our results revealed that 14% of the women studied had an oral HPV infection. Women ≤ 20 years of age had the highest HPV prevalence (24.5%). In total, seven genotypes were identified, including the high-risk genotypes 16, 18, 58 and 59 and the low-risk genotypes 6, 81 and 13, the latter of which is a type exclusive to oral mucosa. Sexual behavior was not associated with the presence of genital HPV types in the oral mucosa. Genital HPV types were present in the oral mucosa of women without associated clinical manifestations; however, sexual behavior was not associated with infection, and therefore others routes of transmission should be explored.

Epidemiology of oral HPV in the oral mucosa in women without signs of oral disease from Yucatan, Mexico

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) are considered necessary for the development of cervical cancer. Furthermore, there is no doubt that some types of oral squamous cell carcinoma are associated with HR-HPV. The epidemiology of oral HPV infections in healthy subjects remains unclear due to a lack of knowledge. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections of the oral mucosa without pathology. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 390 women seeking prenatal care, Pap smears, family planning or gynecological diseases were studied. Oral cells were collected by direct swab sampling. Information regarding sociodemographic status, sexual behavior, infectious diseases, contraceptive history and tobacco and alcohol consumption were obtained through direct interviews. HPV and genotypes were detected by type-specific polymerase chain reaction. Our results revealed that 14% of the women studied had an oral HPV infection. Women ≤ 20 years of age had the highest HPV prevalence (24.5%). In total, seven genotypes were identified, including the high-risk genotypes 16, 18, 58 and 59 and the low-risk genotypes 6, 81 and 13, the latter of which is a type exclusive to oral mucosa. Sexual behavior was not associated with the presence of genital HPV types in the oral mucosa. Genital HPV types were present in the oral mucosa of women without associated clinical manifestations; however, sexual behavior was not associated with infection, and therefore others routes of transmission should be explored.

Human papillomavirus infection and spontaneous abortion: a case-control study performed in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if HPV cervical infection is associated with spontaneous abortion in a Mexican population. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study including 281 women from two Social Security Hospitals in Merida, Mexico. Cases were women with spontaneous abortion attending for curettage, and controls were pregnant women at term who attended for delivery. HPV molecular detection and typing of HPV 16, 18, 58 and 6/11 was performed on cervical samples, and TORCH serology IgM tests (against T. gondii, CMV, HSV) were performed on cases. Data were analyzed using Chi square, odds ratio and linear regression tests. RESULTS: HPV global prevalence was 19.8% (24.4% in cases and 15.2% in controls). HPV types 16 and 58 were the most frequently detected in both groups. Multiple HPV types concurrent infection were found in 31.4% of typified samples. Amongst cases 27.3% of HPV positive women reported at least one previous pregnancy loss; compared to 17.43% amongst HPV negative women. Nevertheless, HPV was not significantly associated with spontaneous or to repetitive abortion. Cases were 60.2% positive to any TORCH agent, although it was not significantly associated to referred miscarriage history. Spontaneous abortion was associated to a previous pregnancy loss and to women's age older than 35 years old. HPV infection was significantly associated to alcohol intake before pregnancy and to multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSION: HPV cervical infection was not associated with spontaneous abortion. HPV in spontaneous abortion and other adverse pregnancy outcomes merits further study.

Factors associated with cervical cancer screening amongst women of reproductive age from Yucatan, Mexico.

This study aimed to analyse the participation of women of reproductive age in a cancer screening program, and survey reasons for non-screening in a region from Mexico with high cervical cancer mortality. A total of 281 obstetric patients from a previous HPV study in a social security hospital during 2008-2009 were included. Reasons for not participating in the screening were directly asked. HPV positive patients were invited to participate in an informative workshop, and they filled in a knowledge questionnaire. The women ranged in age from 14-47 years; 123 (43.8%) had never participated in screening, of which 97 (78.9%) had their first sexual intercourse 2 to 10 years ago, resulting in 25% HPV positive. Screening history was strongly associated with 2 or more gestations (OR= 10.07, p=0.00) and older age (OR=6.69 p=0.00). When 197 women were contacted and interviewed, reasons referred for non-screening were ignorance, lack of interest or time, recent sexual onset, shame and fear. More than 50% of the workshop participants showed knowledge of HPV, while 38.9% and 25% knew about Pap smear and cervical cancer. A high percentage of women of reproductive age have never had a Pap smear. Promoting the screening program in medical facilities seems to be important in this population. New approaches to inform vulnerable individuals on the benefits of screening need to be implemented, especially for young women.

Human papillomavirus 13 in a Mexican Mayan community with multifocal epithelial hyperplasia: could saliva be involved in household transmission?

Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MEH) is a disease of the oral mucosa. Human papillomaviruses 13 and 32 have been detected in these lesions. We describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of patients with MEH in a rural community in the Mayan area of Mexico with 53 cases and 54 controls. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected through a direct interview. Oral cell samples were collected with a cytobrush. Subjects collected their own saliva sample in a sterile bottle. All samples were tested for HPV 13 and 32 by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. Of the 53 patients and 54 healthy subjects, 56% were < 12 years old, 25% were males and 75% females. Evolution of the lesions was between two months and 17 years. The lesions affected lips, jugal mucosa, and tongue, 96% had multiple lesions. From 53 patients, fifty samples of oral cells and 31 samples of saliva were analyzed. HPV 13 was detected in 100% oral cell and 100% saliva samples studied. 16 healthy subjects were HVP 13 positive. A highly significant association of HPV 13 infection and MEH was found, as determined by chi square test (p = 0.00) Household transmission of HPV 13 may happen through saliva and the shared use of contaminated objects.

Low prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in normal oral mucosa by hybrid capture 2

High risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are recognized as a necessary factor to development cervical cancer. During the last decade many studies have found HR-HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa, however the association between HR-HPV and OSCC is still uncertain. The aim of the study was to determine DNA HR-HPV in normal oral cavity of healthy adults. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 77 patients with normal oral cavity were collected at the Dentistry school, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV was detected by hybrid capture 2. One sample out of 77(1.2 percent) was positive for HR-PVH. It was from a man of 50 years old. HR-HPV is present in low rate among healthy oral mucosa. Hybrid capture 2 could be a good methodology for large epidemiology studies.

Papilomavírus humano de alto risco (HR-HPV) é um fator reconhecido como necessário para o desenvolvimento de câncer cervical. Na última década vários estudos encontraram HR-HPV em OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) e em mucosa oral normal, mas a associação entre HR-HPV e OSCC não é bem conhecida. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar DNA de HR-HPV na cavidade oral normal de adultos saudáveis. Realizou-se um estudo cross-sectional com amostras da cavidade oral normal de 77 pacientes da Escola de Odontologia da Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV foi detectado através de Captura Híbrida 2. Uma amostra em 77 (1,2 por cento) foi positiva para HR-PVH e era proveniente de um homem de 50 anos de idade. Concluiu-se que HR-HPV tem baixa prevalência na mucosa oral normal e a Captura Híbrida 2 pode ser um método adequado para estudos epidemiológicos.

Low prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in normal oral mucosa by hybrid capture 2.

High risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are recognized as a necessary factor to development cervical cancer. During the last decade many studies have found HR-HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa, however the association between HR-HPV and OSCC is still uncertain. The aim of the study was to determine DNA HR-HPV in normal oral cavity of healthy adults. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 77 patients with normal oral cavity were collected at the Dentistry school, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV was detected by hybrid capture 2. One sample out of 77(1.2%) was positive for HR-PVH. It was from a man of 50 years old. HRHPV is present in low rate among healthy oral mucosa. Hybrid capture 2 could be a good methodology for large epidemiology studies.