Double Hangman Iron Porphyrin and the Effect of Electrostatic Nonbonding Interactions on Carbon Dioxide Reduction.

Hangman porphyrins influence the reaction rates of small molecule activation by positioning a functional group in the secondary coordination sphere of the metal center. Electrocatalysis by hangman porphyrins has examined only one face modification of the macrocycle with a hanging group, thus allowing for circumvention of secondary sphere effects by reaction of the small molecule on the opposite face of the hangman cleft. We now report the synthesis and characterization of a double hangman Fe porphyrin in which both faces of the macrocycle are modified with a hanging group. With this double hangman architecture, we are able to unequivocally examine the role of electrostatic interactions on the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) and show that CO2RR rates are significantly attenuated, consistent with the initial reduction of CO2 to generate the anion, whose binding is diminished within the negatively charged carboxylic groups of the hangman cleft. The results demonstrate the pronounced role that nonbonding electrostatic interactions may play in CO2RR and highlight the need to manage deleterious electrostatic interactions during catalytic turnover.

Structural characterization of framework-gas interactions in the metal-organic framework Co2(dobdc) by in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

The crystallographic characterization of framework-guest interactions in metal-organic frameworks allows the location of guest binding sites and provides meaningful information on the nature of these interactions, enabling the correlation of structure with adsorption behavior. Here, techniques developed for in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments on porous crystals have enabled the direct observation of CO, CH4, N2, O2, Ar, and P4 adsorption in Co2(dobdc) (dobdc4- = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), a metal-organic framework bearing coordinatively unsaturated cobalt(ii) sites. All these molecules exhibit such weak interactions with the high-spin cobalt(ii) sites in the framework that no analogous molecular structures exist, demonstrating the utility of metal-organic frameworks as crystalline matrices for the isolation and structural determination of unstable species. Notably, the Co-CH4 and Co-Ar interactions observed in Co2(dobdc) represent, to the best of our knowledge, the first single-crystal structure determination of a metal-CH4 interaction and the first crystallographically characterized metal-Ar interaction. Analysis of low-pressure gas adsorption isotherms confirms that these gases exhibit mainly physisorptive interactions with the cobalt(ii) sites in Co2(dobdc), with differential enthalpies of adsorption as weak as -17(1) kJ mol-1 (for Ar). Moreover, the structures of Co2(dobdc)·3.8N2, Co2(dobdc)·5.9O2, and Co2(dobdc)·2.0Ar reveal the location of secondary (N2, O2, and Ar) and tertiary (O2) binding sites in Co2(dobdc), while high-pressure CO2, CO, CH4, N2, and Ar adsorption isotherms show that these binding sites become more relevant at elevated pressures.

A Diaminopropane-Appended Metal-Organic Framework Enabling Efficient CO2 Capture from Coal Flue Gas via a Mixed Adsorption Mechanism.

A new diamine-functionalized metal-organic framework comprised of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane (dmpn) appended to the Mg2+ sites lining the channels of Mg2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) is characterized for the removal of CO2 from the flue gas emissions of coal-fired power plants. Unique to members of this promising class of adsorbents, dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) displays facile step-shaped adsorption of CO2 from coal flue gas at 40 °C and near complete CO2 desorption upon heating to 100 °C, enabling a high CO2 working capacity (2.42 mmol/g, 9.1 wt %) with a modest 60 °C temperature swing. Evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption for dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) suggests that the narrow temperature swing of its CO2 adsorption steps is due to the high magnitude of its differential enthalpy of adsorption (Δhads = -73 ± 1 kJ/mol), with a larger than expected entropic penalty for CO2 adsorption (Δsads = -204 ± 4 J/mol·K) positioning the step in the optimal range for carbon capture from coal flue gas. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis and breakthrough experiments indicate that, in contrast to many adsorbents, dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) captures CO2 effectively in the presence of water and can be subjected to 1000 humid adsorption/desorption cycles with minimal degradation. Solid-state 13C NMR spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures of the Zn analogue reveal that this material adsorbs CO2 via formation of both ammonium carbamates and carbamic acid pairs, the latter of which are crystallographically verified for the first time in a porous material. Taken together, these properties render dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) one of the most promising adsorbents for carbon capture applications.

Ethylene oligomerization in metal-organic frameworks bearing nickel(ii) 2,2'-bipyridine complexes.

The metal-organic frameworks Zr6O4(OH)4(bpydc)6 (1; bpydc2- = 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate) and Zr6O4(OH)4(bpydc)0.84(bpdc)5.16 (2; bpdc2- = biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate) were readily metalated with Ni(DME)Br2 (DME = dimethoxyethane) to produce the corresponding metalated frameworks 1(NiBr2)6 and 2(NiBr2)0.84. Both nickel(ii)-containing frameworks catalyze the oligomerization of ethylene in the presence of Et2AlCl. In these systems, the pore environment around the active nickel sites significantly influences their selectivity for formation of oligomers over polymer. Specifically, the single-crystal structure of 1(NiBr2)5.64 reveals that surrounding metal-linker complexes enforce a steric environment on each nickel site that causes polymer formation to become favorable. Minimizing this steric congestion by isolating the nickel(ii) bipyridine complexes in the mixed-linker framework 2(NiBr2)0.84 markedly improves both the catalytic activity and selectivity for oligomers. Furthermore, both frameworks give product mixtures that are enriched in shorter olefins (C4-10), leading to deviations from the expected Schulz-Flory distribution of oligomers. Although these deviations indicate possible pore confinement effects on selectivity, control experiments using the nickel-treated biphenyl framework Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6(NiBr2)0.14 (3(NiBr2)0.14) reveal that they likely arise at least in part from the presence of nickel species that are not ligated by bipyridine within 1(NiBr2)5.64 and 2(NiBr2)0.84.

Reversible CO Scavenging via Adsorbate-Dependent Spin State Transitions in an Iron(II)-Triazolate Metal-Organic Framework.

A new metal-organic framework, Fe-BTTri (Fe3[(Fe4Cl)3(BTTri)8]2·18CH3OH, H3BTTri =1,3,5-tris(1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)benzene)), is found to be highly selective in the adsorption of CO over a variety of other gas molecules, making it extremely effective, for example, in the removal of trace CO from mixtures with H2, N2, and CH4. This framework not only displays significant CO adsorption capacity at very low pressures (1.45 mmol/g at just 100 µbar), but, importantly, also exhibits readily reversible CO binding. Fe-BTTri utilizes a unique spin state change mechanism to bind CO in which the coordinatively unsaturated, high-spin Fe(II) centers of the framework convert to octahedral, low-spin Fe(II) centers upon CO coordination. Desorption of CO converts the Fe(II) sites back to a high-spin ground state, enabling the facile regeneration and recyclability of the material. This spin state change is supported by characterization via infrared spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Importantly, the spin state change is selective for CO and is not observed in the presence of other gases, such as H2, N2, CO2, CH4, or other hydrocarbons, resulting in unprecedentedly high selectivities for CO adsorption for use in CO/H2, CO/N2, and CO/CH4 separations and in preferential CO adsorption over typical strongly adsorbing gases like CO2 and ethylene. While adsorbate-induced spin state transitions are well-known in molecular chemistry, particularly for CO, to our knowledge this is the first time such behavior has been observed in a porous material suitable for use in a gas separation process. Potentially, this effect can be extended to selective separations involving other π-acids.

Condiloma acuminado gigante o tumor de Buschke-Loewenstein del anorrecto / Giant condyloma acuminatum or Buschke Loewenstein tumor of the anorectum

Antecedentes: El condiloma acuminado gigante o tumor de Buschke-Loewenstein es una rara entidad que afecta a la región anogenital. Se trata de una lesión vegetante, exofitica, habitualmente voluminosa, provocada por los virus HPV tipo 6, 11 y 16. A pesar de su apariencia histopatológica benigna, clínicamente presenta características de malignidad invadiendo los tejidos adyacentes. Su tratamiento puede plantear controversias, con elevados índices de recidiva. Objetivo: Presentar un paciente con condiloma acuminado gigante de la región perianal tratado quirúrgicamente, con revisión de la literatura actual. Paciente y método: Hombre de 52 años heterosexual, sin antecedentes médico-quirúrgicos, que consultó por tumoración exofitica de 4 años de evolución en región perianal derecha, de 10x8 cm., indolora. Se realizó resección-biopsia amplia, constatándose infiltración de los planos profundos. La anatomía patológica informó condiloma acuminado gigante. Resultados: Presentó recidiva tumoral a los 2 meses. Se realizó una nueva resección amplia y completa hasta el piso del periné. Evolucionó favorablemente y está libre de enfermedad a los 15 meses. Conclusión: El condiloma acuminado gigante es una variante de la condilomatosis anal, de carácter invasor local. El manejo quirúrgico es controvertido y consiste en la resección amplia de los tejidos afectados. La recidiva local es frecuente. Puede asociarse tratamiento neoadyuvante mediante quimioradioterapia preoperatoria con el intento de reducir la masa.

Background: The giant condyloma acuminatum or Buschke-Loewenstein tumor of the anorectum is an unusual entity that affects to genital area. It is an exophytic, usually voluminous mass, caused by HPV type 6, 11, and 16 virus. Despite its apparently benign hystopathologic appearance, presents malignant characteristics, with invasion of surrounding tissues. The treatment has controversies, and a high rate of recurrence. Objective: To present a patient with a perianal giant condyloma acuminatum, surgically treated, and a review of the current biblíography. Patient and methods: Heterosexual, 52 year old male, with no remarkable medical or surgical history, complaining of a four year history of a painless, 10x8 cm exophytic mass in the right perianal region. Wide resection biopsy was made, and infiltration to the deep planes was noted. Pathology revealed Giant Condyloma Acuminatum. Results: The tumor recurred after two months. A new wide and complete resection, up to the pelvic floor, was carried out. There is no evidence of disease on a 15 month follow-up. Conclusion: Giant Condyloma Acuminatum is a variant of the anal condilomatosis, of invading local character. The surgical management is controversial and consists of wide resection of the tumor and surrounding tissues. Recurrence is common. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy can be indicated to reduce mass.