A Computational Study on the Role of Parameters for Identification of Thyroid Nodules by Infrared Images (and Comparison with Real Data).

According to experts and medical literature, healthy thyroids and thyroids containing benign nodules tend to be less inflamed and less active than those with malignant nodules. It seems to be a consensus that malignant nodules have more blood veins and more blood circulation. This may be related to the maintenance of the nodule's heat at a higher level compared with neighboring tissues. If the internal heat modifies the skin radiation, then it could be detected by infrared sensors. The goal of this work is the investigation of the factors that allow this detection, and the possible relation with any pattern referent to nodule malignancy. We aim to consider a wide range of factors, so a great number of numerical simulations of the heat transfer in the region under analysis, based on the Finite Element method, are performed to study the influence of each nodule and patient characteristics on the infrared sensor acquisition. To do so, the protocol for infrared thyroid examination used in our university's hospital is simulated in the numerical study. This protocol presents two phases. In the first one, the body under observation is in steady state. In the second one, it is submitted to thermal stress (transient state). Both are simulated in order to verify if it is possible (by infrared sensors) to identify different behavior referent to malignant nodules. Moreover, when the simulation indicates possible important aspects, patients with and without similar characteristics are examined to confirm such influences. The results show that the tissues between skin and thyroid, as well as the nodule size, have an influence on superficial temperatures. Other thermal parameters of thyroid nodules show little influence on surface infrared emissions, for instance, those related to the vascularization of the nodule. All details of the physical parameters used in the simulations, characteristics of the real nodules and thermal examinations are publicly available, allowing these simulations to be compared with other types of heat transfer solutions and infrared examination protocols. Among the main contributions of this work, we highlight the simulation of the possible range of parameters, and definition of the simulation approach for mapping the used infrared protocol, promoting the investigation of a possible relation between the heat transfer process and the data obtained by infrared acquisitions.

A genome-wide association study identifies novel gene associations with facial skin wrinkling and mole count in Latin Americans.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genes influencing skin ageing and mole count in Europeans, but little is known about the relevance of these (or other genes) in non-Europeans. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a GWAS for facial skin ageing and mole count in adults < 40 years old, of mixed European, Native American and African ancestry, recruited in Latin America. METHODS: Skin ageing and mole count scores were obtained from facial photographs of over 6000 individuals. After quality control checks, three wrinkling traits and mole count were retained for genetic analyses. DNA samples were genotyped with Illumina's HumanOmniExpress chip. Association testing was performed on around 8 703 729 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the autosomal genome. RESULTS: Genome-wide significant association was observed at four genome regions: two were associated with wrinkling (in 1p13·3 and 21q21·2), one with mole count (in 1q32·3) and one with both wrinkling and mole count (in 5p13·2). Associated SNPs in 5p13·2 and in 1p13·3 are intronic within SLC45A2 and VAV3, respectively, while SNPs in 1q32·3 are near the SLC30A1 gene, and those in 21q21·2 occur in a gene desert. Analyses of SNPs in IRF4 and MC1R are consistent with a role of these genes in skin ageing. CONCLUSIONS: We replicate the association of wrinkling with variants in SLC45A2, IRF4 and MC1R reported in Europeans. We identify VAV3 and SLC30A1 as two novel candidate genes impacting on wrinkling and mole count, respectively. We provide the first evidence that SLC45A2 influences mole count, in addition to variants in this gene affecting melanoma risk in Europeans.

Normative Data for Sweat Rate and Whole-Body Sodium Concentration in Athletes Indigenous to Tropical Climate.

This study determined normative data for sweat rate (SR) and whole-body (WB) sweat sodium concentration [Na+] in athletes indigenous to a tropical climate, categorized by age, gender, and sport classification. We analyzed data from 556 athletes (386 adult and 170 young) in endurance (END), team/ball (TBA), and combat (COM) sports exercising in tropical environments (wet bulb globe temperature = 29.4 ± 2.1 °C). SR was calculated from change in body weight corrected for urine output and fluid/food intake. Sweat was collected using absorbent patches, and regional [Na+] was determined using an ion selective analyzer and normalized to WB sweat [Na+]. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. SR was higher in males compared with females in both young (24.2 ± 7.7 ml·kg-1·hr-1 vs. 16.7 ± 5.7 ml·kg-1·hr-1) and adult (22.8 ± 7.4 ml·kg-1·hr-1 vs. 18.6 ± 7.0 ml·kg-1·hr-1) athletes, in END sports in girls (END = 19.1 ± 6.0 ml·kg-1·hr-1; TBA = 14.6 ± 4.5 ml·kg-1·hr-1), and in adult males (END = 25.2 ± 6.3 ml·kg-1·hr-1; TBA = 19.1 ± 7.2 ml·kg-1·hr-1; COM = 18.4 ± 8.5 ml·kg-1·hr-1) and females (END = 23.5 ± 5.6 ml·kg-1·hr-1; TBA = 14.2 ± 5.2 ml·kg-1·hr-1; COM = 15.3 ± 5.2 ml·kg-1·hr-1); p < .05. WB sweat [Na+] was higher in adult athletes than in young athletes (43 ± 10 mmol/L vs. 40 ± 9 mmol/L, p < .05). These norms provide a reference range for low, low average, average high, and high SR and WB sweat [Na+], which serve as a guide for fluid replacement for athletes who live and train in the tropics.

An Infrared Thermal Images Database and a New Technique for Thyroid Nodules Analysis.

Thyroid nodules diseases are a common health problem and thyroidal cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. They appear in the neck and bottom neck region, superficially over the trachea. Cancer tissues are characterized by higher temperatures than surrounding tissues. Thermography is a diagnostic tool increasingly used to detect cancer and abnormalities. Artificial intelligence is an approach which can be applied to thyroid nodules classification, but is necessary to have a proper number of cases with proven diagnosis. In this paper, a new database that contain infrared thermal images, clinical and physiological data is presented. The description of each nodule per patient, and the acquisition protocol (based on Dynamic Infrared Thermography approach) is considered as well. A semi-automatic method for image registration was implemented to pre-process the thermograms and a new method for the Region of Interest (ROI) extraction is proposed. Moreover, the obtained ROI results are confirmed by medical specialists and turned available for future comparison with other works.

Efecto biológico de la recuperación nutricional en las concentraciones séricas de citocinas inflamatorias en el niño desnutrido grave / Biological effect of nutritional recovery on serum concentrations of inflammation cytokines in the malnourished child

El niño con desnutrición grave tiene una disfunción de la respuesta inmune que puede aumentar de manera significativa la morbilidad y la mortalidad por infecciones. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la recuperación nutricional en las concentraciones séricas de citocinas inflamatorias; tales como: interleucina 12 (IL-12), interleucina 17 (IL-17), interferón gamma (IFN-γ) y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α). En un estudio de tipo prospectivo y longitudinal, se seleccionó la población con base a criterios clínicos y antropométricos, constituida por 24 niños desnutridos graves en edades comprendidas entre 1 y 2 años, quienes formaban parte de un programa de recuperación nutricional. La concentración sérica de las citocinas investigadas se determinó antes y después del tratamiento nutricional, empleando la técnica de Inmunoanálisis Enzimático (ELISA) de doble anticuerpo. Para establecer comparaciones se utilizó la t de Student, y se consideró una p<0,05 como estadísticamente significante. Se observó una diferencia en las concentraciones de IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ y TNF-α antes y después del tratamiento (p<0,05), lo cual parece indicar que la desnutrición per se provoca un estado inflamatorio y que 2 meses de apoyo nutricional intensivo, favorecen no solo la recuperación clínica del niño desnutrido grave, sino también la recuperación de su respuesta inmunitaria en cuanto a la producción de mediadores solubles como son las citocinas.

Children with severe malnutrition have a dysfunction of the immune response that can significantly increase morbidity and mortality from infections. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of nutritional recovery in serum measurements of inflammatory cytokines; such as interleukin 12 (IL-12), interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In a prospective and longitudinal study, 24 severe malnourished children aged between 1 and 2 years-old, who were part of a program of nutritional recovery, were selected based on clinical and anthropometric criteria. Serum measurements of cytokines were determined before and after dietary treatment, using the technique of sandwich Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). For comparisons, Student’s t test was used, considered p <0.05 as statistically significant. A difference was observed in the concentrations of IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ and TNF-α before and after treatment (p <0.05), which suggests that malnutrition provokes an inflammatory state and two months of intensive nutritional support, not only promotes the clinical recovery of severe malnourished children, but also the recovery of the immune response with regard to the production of soluble mediators, such as cytokines.

Biological effect of nutritional recovery on serum concentrations of inflammation cytokines in the malnourished child. / Efecto biológico de la recuperación nutricional en las concentraciones séricas de citocinas inflamatorias en el niño desnutrido grave.

Children with severe malnutrition have a dysfunction of the immune response that can significantly increase morbidity and mortality from infections. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of nutritional recovery in serum measurements of inflammatory cytokines; such as interleukin 12 (IL-12), interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In a prospective and longitudinal study, 24 severe malnourished children aged between 1 and 2 years-old, who were part of a program of nutritional recovery, were selected based on clinical and anthropometric criteria. Serum measurements of cytokines were determined before and after dietary treatment, using the technique of sandwich Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). For comparisons, Student's t test was used, considered p <0.05 as statistically significant. A difference was observed in the concentrations of IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ and TNF-α before and after treatment (p <0.05), which suggests that malnutrition provokes an inflammatory state and two months of intensive nutritional support, not only promotes the clinical recovery of severe malnourished children, but also the recovery of the immune response with regard to the production of soluble mediators, such as cytokines.

High-intensity ultrasonication as a way to prepare graphene/amorphous iron oxyhydroxide hybrid electrode with high capacity in lithium battery.

The preparation of graphene/iron oxyhydroxide hybrid electrode material with very homogeneous distribution and close contact of graphene and amorphous iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles has been achieved by using high-intensity ultrasonication. Due to the negative charge of the graphene surface, iron ions are attracted toward the surface of dispersed graphene, according to the zeta potential measurements. The anchoring of the FeO(OH) particles to the graphene layers has been revealed by using mainly TEM, XPS and EPR. TEM observations show that the size of the iron oxide particles is about 4 nm. The ultrasonication treatment is the key parameter to achieve small particle size in these graphene/iron oxyhydroxide hybrid materials. The electrochemical behavior of composite graphene/amorphous iron oxyhydroxide prepared by using high-intensity ultrasonication is outstanding in terms of gravimetric capacity and cycling stability, particularly when metallic foam is used as both the substrate and current collector. The XRD-amorphous character of iron oxyhydroxide in the hybrid electrode material and the small particle size contribute to achieve the improved electrochemical performance.

[Tropical spastic paraparesis: a report of a new case in Spain]. / Paraparesia espastica tropical: presentacion de un nuevo caso en España.

TITLE: Paraparesia espastica tropical: presentacion de un nuevo caso en España.

Función renal y tromboprofilaxis en pacientes con fractura de cadera / Fonction rénale et thrombo-prophylaxie chez les patients atteints de fracture de hanche / Renal function and thromboprophylaxis in patients with hip fractures

Objetivos: demostrar que la determinación de creatinina sérica por sí sola no permite conocer la función renal, necesitándose la realización de una tasa de filtración glomerular, mediante una ecuación que utilice el valor de creatinina sérica obtenido y las variables edad, sexo y raza. Desarrollar el sistema computarizado Nefrocalc que permite conocer de forma rápida el valor estimado de filtración glomerular. Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 100 pacientes que se habían operado por fractura de cadera, en los cuales se utilizó un compuesto de heparina como profilaxis antitrombótica; se usó dosis uniforme. Las dosis de anticoagulantes se ajustaron en casos de daño renal, el cual se demostró midiendo la función renal. Resultados: pudo demostrarse que los pacientes del estudio ancianos en su mayoría tuvieron una declinación de la tasa de filtración glomerular demostrativa de insuficiencia renal, considerándose que debió hacerse ajuste de la dosis de heparina, en aquellos pacientes afectos de insuficiencia renal moderada. Conclusiones: la concentración de creatinina sérica no brindó la posibilidad de evaluar la función renal, pero la tasa de filtración glomerular sí resultó el mejor índice para evaluar esa función; este índice pudo ser estimado a partir de una ecuación con las variables edad, sexo, raza y la concentración sérica de creatinina, mediante el sistema computarizado NEFROCALC. En pacientes ancianos, cuando los valores de tasa de filtración glomerular denotaron disminución moderada de la función, debió ajustarse la dosis del anticoagulante. No se recomendó su utilización en pacientes con disminución severa del filtrado glomerular(AU)

Objectives: demonstrate that serum creatinine determination alone is not enough to know about renal function, and that it is necessary to estimate the glomerular filtration rate through an equation including the serum creatinine value obtained and also the variables age, sex and race. Develop the computerized system NEFROCALC to quickly estimate glomerular filtration. Methods: a retrospective study was conducted of 100 patients undergoing hip fracture surgery who were given a heparin compound as antithrombotic prophylaxis. A uniform dosage was used. Doses of anticoagulants were adjusted in cases of renal damage, which was determined by measuring renal function. Results: it was found that the patients under study most of whom were elderly persons showed a decline in the glomerular filtration rate signaling renal failure, leading to the conclusion that the heparin dose should have been adjusted in patients with moderate renal failure. Conclusions: serum creatinine concentration did not make it possible to evaluate renal function. The best value to evaluate renal function was the glomerular filtration rate, which could be estimated through an equation including the variables age, sex, race and serum creatinine concentration using the computerized system NEFROCALC. The dose of anticoagulant should have been adjusted in elderly patients with glomerular filtration rates signaling moderate renal failure. Its use was not recommended in patients with a severe decline in glomerular filtration(AU)

Objectifs: démontrer que la seule mesure de la créatinine sérique ne permet pas de connaître la fonction rénale, qu'il faut aussi mesurer le taux de filtration glomérulaire au moyen d'une équation utilisant la valeur de créatinine sérique obtenue et les variables telles que l'âge, le sexe et la race. Mettre en application le système assisté par ordinateur Nefrocalc permettant de connaître rapidement la valeur estimée de filtration glomérulaire. Méthodes: une étude rétrospective de 100 patients opérés de fracture de hanche, dont leur traitement a utilisé un composé d'héparine comme prophylaxie anti-thrombotique, a été effectuée. Les doses d'anticoagulants ont été ajustées en cas de défaillance rénale, laquelle a été confirmée en mesurant la fonction rénale. Résultats: on a démontré que les patients de l'étude des personnes âgées en majorité- ont eu une diminution du taux de filtration glomérulaire ce qui a démontré la défaillance rénale. Un ajustement de la dose d'héparine a été considéré chez les patients atteints de défaillance rénale modérée. Conclusions: la concentration de créatine sérique n'a pas permis d'évaluer la fonction rénale, mais le taux de filtration glomérulaire a été le meilleur indice pour évaluer cette fonction ; cet indice a pu être estimé à partir d'une équation avec des variables telles que l'âge, le sexe, la race, et de la concentration sérique de créatinine, au moyen du système assisté par ordinateur NEFROCALC. Lorsque les taux de filtration glomérulaire ont indiqué une diminution modérée de la fonction chez les patients âgés, la dose de l'anticoagulant a dû être ajustée. Son utilisation a été déconseillée chez les patients dont leur taux de filtration glomérulaire a diminué(AU)

[Posterior nutcracker syndrome: retroaortic renal vein associated with arteriovenous fistula and renal cancinoma. Report of a case and review of literature]. / Síndrome del cascanueces posterior: vena renal retroaórtica asociada a fístula arteriovenosa y carcinoma renal. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Vascular retroperitoneal alterations are little frequent and nevertheless, more diagnosed. We presented a case of association very little frequents in which a vascular congenital malformation is related to the presence of a renal arteriovenous fistula and a left renal carcinoma in a patient who only presented hematuria. These vascular variations must be considered at the moment for planning a surgery with the purpose of making it safer and to avoid complications. The case is discussed and literature is reviewed.

Etanercept therapy for psoriasis in a patient with concomitant hepatitis C and liver transplant.

We report a case of a 49 year-old male who had undergone liver transplant due to hepatitis C, Laennec's cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and was treated with etanercept for recalcitrant generalized psoriasis. Clearance of psoriasis was achieved without any adverse effects or complications of his current conditions.

Disease evolution of patients with mycosis fungoides--a report of 30 cases.

Mycosis fungoides is the most common disease of the primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma group. This is a retrospective study to evaluate the outcome of 30 patients with mycosis fungoides who were followed up for at least 3 years, 18 of them followed for 5 years and 9 of them followed for 7 years. A total of 10 patients achieved a sustained remission, 2 patients achieved a remission but then relapsed and three patients died from lymphoma-related death. It is concluded that the majority of the patients with T1 or T2 stage MF usually have a good prognosis. As a rule, those who do progress further in the disease have advanced stages at the moment of the diagnosis; the disease progression occurring during the first 3-5 years after diagnosis.

Bullous solar elastosis.

Solar elastosis is a recognized manifestation of chronic sun exposure affecting mainly Caucasian skin. Recognizable clinical manifestations of solar elastosis include cutis rhomboidalis nuchae, Favre-Racouchot syndrome, actinic comedonal plaque, nodular forms such as elastomas, elastic nodule of the ear and elastotic bands, collagenous plaques of the hand, and colloid milia. We report two patients with an unusual presentation of vesicular lesions clinically and histopathologically situated in zones of severe solar elastosis that has been previously referred to as bullous solar elastosis.

The Ross procedure.

BACKGROUND: The search for the ideal substitute for the aortic valve led Donald Ross to develop the pulmonary autograft concept in 1967. A historical, technical, and scientific review of this surgical option is presented together with our clinical experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature is reviewed to identify the advantages and pitfalls of the Ross procedure over the last decades. We also present our clinical experience with 92 patients operated between 1997 and May 2003. RESULTS: Of the total, 70.65% (n = 65) were males, mean age was 29.32 +/- 11.9 years, with 20 patients under 16 and 6 patients under 10 years. Twenty-five patients (27.17%) had 31 previous interventions. There were 41 associated procedures in 34 patients. Perioperative mortality was 2.17% (two patients). Eight patients required reexploration for bleeding, one required an aortocoronary bypass, and one a permanent pacemaker. Follow-up was 97% with 2.71 patients/year (average 32.55 +/- 19.01 months). Two patients required autograft replacement, one suffered a 44-mm dilatation of the autograft, and one 13-year-old girl developed autograft endocarditis. Six patients suffered severe homograft stenosis (>50 mmHg), two were treated percutaneously, and one required replacement. Combined freedom from reintervention is 93.56 +/- 2.81% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The Ross procedure is a mature concept with thousands of patients operated worldwide and a cumulative experience of over 30 years. Although we believe that it is the procedure of choice in the pediatric population, women in child-bearing age, and substantial subgroups of adult patients, efforts must continue to minimize the incidence of auto- and homograft failure in the long term.

Mitral homograft in the tricuspid position, aortic homograft and mitral plasty in a drug addict with multiple valve endocarditis.

The case is reported of multiple valve surgery using as little prosthetic material as possible in a drug addict with recurrent right and left bacterial endocarditis. The patient underwent aortic valve replacement with a cryopreserved aortic homograft, mitral repair and tricuspid valve replacement with a mitral homograft, using a modified technique. The indications and surgical options for tricuspid valve endocarditis in this patient group are discussed, with particular focus on technical aspects of using mitral homografts in the tricuspid position.

Tratamiento del glaucoma neovascular con criocirugía

Se hizo un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 19 pacientes con glaucoma neovascular, tratdos por medio de criocirugía en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General Clínicoquirúrgico ginecobstétrico Santiago de Cuba durante el primer semestre de 1998, de donde se derivó que el citado métodoconstituye un tratamiento eficaz y alternativo al respecto, tanto por su bajo costo como por la ausencia de riesgos y complicación en su aplicación

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: a case report and review of the literature

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome associated with palmoplantar keratoderma and early onset periodontal disease that results in loss of the teeth. Actinomyces Actinomycetemcomitans causing periodontal damage, and alterations in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte function have been postulated or probable pathogenetic mechanism. Early recognition of this entity as well as a multidisciplinary management may help in the prognosis of these cases

Diagnostico topografico de las hematurias en pacientes pediatricos mediante el porcentaje de hematies dismorficos / Topographic diagnosis of hematurias in pediatric patients by means of a percentage of dimorphic red cells

Se realizo un estudio para fijar el porcentaje de hematies dismorficos que sirva de punto de corte optimo para el diagnostico topografico de las hematurias en pacientes pediatricos. Se utilizaron datos clinicos y de laboratorio de 77 pacientes con hematuria glomerular y 15 con hematuria no glomerular. Mediante una metodologia estadistica se obtuvo 14 por ciento como valor del punto, con lo que se asigna al grupo de las hematurias glomerulares todo paciente que presente una cifra de hematies dismorficos igual o superior. El area bajo la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) asociada a este test fue 0,9597, lo que indica una elevada exactitud para la prueba, basntante cercana del valor idal, 1,0 que indica una discriminacion perfecta

Inmunogenicidad de la vacuna Heberbiovac-HB en impedidos físicos y mentales / Immunogenecity of the Heberbiovac-HB vaccine in the physically and mental disabled

Se aplicó la vacuna ADN recombinante Heberbiovac-HB contra la hepatitis B a 2 grupos de niños recluidos en 2 hogares de impedidos físicos y mentales, a las dosis de 10 y 5 µg con el esquema 0,1 y 6 meses para estudiar su inmunogenicidad, la que fue evaluada a los 2, 7 y 12 meses después de aplicada la primera dosis. A los 60 d se obtuvo 80,9 por ciento de seroprotección en los niños que recibieron 10 µg, mientras que en el grupo que fue vacnado con 5 µg se logró 65,0 por ciento de seroprotección y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Cuando se midió la respuesta inmune 1 mes después de aplicada la tercera dosis se obtuvo 100,0 por ciento de seroprotección (ò 10 UI/L) en los 2 grupos de vacunados. Al año, la seroprotección fue del 100,0 por ciento para los 2 grupos de niños. La media geométrica de los títulos de anticuerpos (TMG) alcanzó, 30 d después de la segunda dosis en los 2 grupos de estudio, niveles por encima de 10 UI/L, que es el mínimo protector. Un mes después de la tercera dosis, los TMG alcanzaron valores de 527,7 UI/L en el grupo de 10 µg y 324,7 UI/L en el de 5 µg y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p < 0,05). Finalmente, a los 365 d, los TMG se situaron en 139,7 UI/L en los grupos de 10 y 5 µg, respectivamente. Se demostró el alto poder inmunogénico de esta vacuna, lo que la hace recomendable para la protección contra el virus de la hepatitis B en niños impedidos físicos y mentales

Pesquisaje de Babesia en trabajadores agropecuarios y donantes en la provincia de Ciego de Avila / Screening of Babesia un agricultural workers and donors in the province of Ciego de Avila

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de casos, en éste se investigaron 781 sueros con la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta con antígenos de Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina en el Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria. De ellos, 371 provenían de trabajadores agropecuarios y 410 de donantes de la provincia de Ciego de Avila. Se partió de diluciones de 1/64, a cada seropositivo se le confeccionó una encuesta epidemiológica para conocer factores de riesgo. Se empleó la prueba de diferencia de proporciones para comparar los porcentajes de positivos. Se calcularon las medias geométricas en ambos grupos y se procedió a su comparación con la prueba U de Mann Whitney. En los trabajadores agropecuarios se detectó un 7 por ciento con anticuerpos contra el 3,9 por ciento de los donantes (p < 0,05). Se encontró mayor circulación de Babesia bovis que de Babesia bigemina