Once-per-week selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone versus twice-per-week bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma (BOSTON): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Selinexor combined with dexamethasone has shown activity in patients with heavily pre-treated multiple myeloma. In a phase 1b/2 study, the combination of oral selinexor with bortezomib (a proteasome inhibitor) and dexamethasone induced high response rates with low rates of peripheral neuropathy, the main dose-limiting toxicity of bortezomib. We aimed to evaluate the clinical benefit of weekly selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone versus standard bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with previously treated multiple myeloma. METHODS: This phase 3, randomised, open-label trial was done at 123 sites in 21 countries. Patients aged 18 years or older, who had multiple myeloma, and who had previously been treated with one to three lines of therapy, including proteasome inhibitors, were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive selinexor (100 mg once per week), bortezomib (1·3 mg/m2 once per week), and dexamethasone (20 mg twice per week), or bortezomib (1·3 mg/m2 twice per week for the first 24 weeks and once per week thereafter) and dexamethasone (20 mg four times per week for the first 24 weeks and twice per week thereafter). Randomisation was done using interactive response technology and stratified by previous proteasome inhibitor therapy, lines of treatment, and multiple myeloma stage. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. Patients who received at least one dose of study treatment were included in the safety population. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03110562. The trial is ongoing, with 55 patients remaining on randomised therapy as of Feb 20, 2020. FINDINGS: Of 457 patients screened for eligibility, 402 were randomly allocated-195 (49%) to the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group and 207 (51%) to the bortezomib and dexamethasone group-and the first dose of study medication was given between June 6, 2017, and Feb 5, 2019. Median follow-up durations were 13·2 months [IQR 6·2-19·8] for the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group and 16·5 months [9·4-19·8] for the bortezomib and dexamethasone group. Median progression-free survival was 13·93 months (95% CI 11·73-not evaluable) with selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone and 9·46 months (8·11-10·78) with bortezomib and dexamethasone (hazard ratio 0·70 [95% CI 0·53-0·93], p=0·0075). The most frequent grade 3-4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (77 [39%] of 195 patients in the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group vs 35 [17%] of 204 in the bortezomib and dexamethasone group), fatigue (26 [13%] vs two [1%]), anaemia (31 [16%] vs 20 [10%]), and pneumonia (22 [11%] vs 22 [11%]). Peripheral neuropathy of grade 2 or above was less frequent with selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (41 [21%] patients) than with bortezomib and dexamethasone (70 [34%] patients; odds ratio 0·50 [95% CI 0·32-0·79], p=0·0013). 47 (24%) patients in the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group and 62 (30%) in the bortezomib and dexamethasone group died. INTERPRETATION: A once-per-week regimen of selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone is a novel, effective, and convenient treatment option for patients with multiple myeloma who have received one to three previous lines of therapy. FUNDING: Karyopharm Therapeutics.

Poems syndrome--a rare variant of plasma cell dyscrasia. Case report and review of literature.

POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, M-protein, and skin changes) is a rare plasma cell disease with small tumour mass and multisystem involvement. Since 2003 POEMS syndrome has been a nosological entity with approved diagnostic criteria, though its etiology and pathogenesis are still not clear. Males are more often affected, with peak incidence in the 5th and 6th decades. The major diagnostic problems are difficult detection of plasma cell infiltration in the osteosclerotic lesions and M-gradient most often low concentration IgA (lamda). We present a case of POEMS syndrome in a 47-year-old male patient who initially presented with edema of the lower limbs, moderate lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, histological findings of Castleman disease with marked sinusoidal angioproliferation in the lymph nodes and multiple osteosclerotic lesions. Pleural effusion, ascitis, renal failure, progressive lower limbs polyneuropathy with invalidisation of the patient developed later. The attempts to detect lymphoproliferative process by myelogram, trephine biopsy, histological examination of lymph node and the spleen were ineffective and deceptively non-informative, neither did immunoelectrophoresis reveal M-grade. Diagnosis was made after bone biopsy of the largest osteosclerotic lesion and immunofixation (monoclonal IgA, lamda in the serum). The patient underwent treatment with alkylating agents and corticosteroids, radiation of the predominant osteosclerotic lesions and therapy with radioactive strontium. The general condition improved, lymphadenomegaly, skin lesions, pleural effusion and ascitis regressed and renal function was restored. There was a minor improvement of the neurological symptoms. Autollogous stem-cell transplantation is also recommended in literature for patients with generalized bone lesions or progressive and disease-resistant therapy.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients on bisphosphonate treatment. review of literature with contribution of a case of multiple myeloma.

In recent years, the incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) as an unknown complication in patients receiving bisphosphonates (BP) has been on the increase. According to literature data it is in the range of 0.83% to 11.9%. ONJ has been mostly reported in patients with malignancies--mainly in multiple myeloma (MM) patients, followed by patients with bone metastases from breast and prostatic cancer. The view that is supported by a growing body of researchers in the discussion on the etiopathogenetic relationship between ONJ and BPs is that ONJ seems to be a class-specific side effect rather than a result of the use of a specific drug. The major risk factor for development of ONJ is not the BP type, but the time of their administration and accumulation in the bone structures. More than 70% of the ONJ patients report preceding dental problems. The immunosuppressive effects of chemo- and radiotherapy, the impaired bone remodeling resulting from corticoid therapy, the antiangiogenetic properties of thalidomide slow down the reparative processes in the oral cavity and appear as a predisposing factor for the development of ONJ. Possibilities for successful treatment are limited; conservative approaches and least surgery, if larger areas are involved, are recommended. Dental prophylaxis is of particular importance. We present a 66-year-old man with multiple myeloma, IgG, BJ(k), II A KC (after Durie and Salmon staging system). ONJ was diagnosed one year after the disease onset, during which the patient received chemotherapy and was administered concurrently 14 cycles of BPs (pamidronate/zolendronate). The diagnosis was based on clinical, radiologic and histological evidence. Surgical removal of the necrotic sequesters and antibiotic treatment produced a clinical improvement. This rare, refractory complication requires the joint efforts of hematologists, oncologists, and maxillofacial surgeons to diagnose, manage prophylactically and treat.