[Palliative surgical correction of respiratory insufficiency in diffusive pulmonary emphysema]. / Palliativnaia khirurgicheskaia korrektsiia dykhatel'noi nedostatochnosti pri diffuznoi émfizeme legkikh.

AIM: To analyze early postoperative period in patients with diffuse pulmonary emphysema after palliative surgical correction of respiratory failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 196 patients who underwent bullectomy (n=111) and surgical reduction of pulmonary volume (n=85). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Overall morbidity and mortality were 40.8% and 12.2% respectively. Among patients older than 60 years these values were significantly higher (58.0% and 22.6% respectively). It was shown that age over 60 years is associated with high risk of complications and mortality after excision of large and giant bulls. In patients <60 years morbidity is comparable after bullectomy and surgical reduction of pulmonary volume. CONCLUSION: Selection of patients for palliative surgical correction of respiratory failure is generally corresponded to that for lung transplantation. However, these methods should be considered complementary rather competing.

CRITERIA OF SURGICAL RISK IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFUSE LUNG EMPHYSEMA WITH LARGE AND GIANT BULLAS.

The article presents an assessment of postoperative period in patients with diffuse lung emphysema with large and giant bullas on the basis of surgical risk criteria, which were developed for the patients with diffuse emphysema without bullas. Retrospective study determined the group of patients who had high rate of surgical complications after bullectomy. The patients (46) were divided into 2 groups and it depended on the initial condition of the patients. There was stated, that the main criterion of surgical risk was a decrease of the level of OFL lower than 20% of the proper level in patients with large and giant bullas.

[ULTRASONIC ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHRAGM CONDITION OF THE PATIENTS, WHO PASSED THE SELECTION FOR LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION SURGERY].

The article showed the results of ultrasonic assessment of topographic and functional diaphragm indices in patients with severe diffuse emphysema. They passed the selection for lung volume reduction surgery. The comparison of diaphragm indices was presented in patients with diffuse emphysema and control group of healthy volunteers. Dynamics of diaphragm condition was studied after surgical treatment. There wasn't noted any statistical difference of diaphragm topographic indices as compared with the control group. There wasn't shown a correlation between respiratory function indices and functional diaphragm indices, but it was noted a positive tendency in characteristics during quiet breathing.

[To the question of reasonability of lung biopsy in primary spontaneous pneumothorax].

A biopsy of lung tissues was a conventional diagnostic method for detection of disseminated processes in the lung, which weren't diagnosed on preoperative stage. It was used during surgical anti-relapse treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP). A retrospective analysis of the results of lung parenchyma biopsy was made in 143 patients, who have been operated for SP. Basic entry criteria of the research were: the age younger than 40 years old, a presence of one episode of spontaneous pneumothorax, an absence of complaints for respiratory organs before the development of the first episode of spontaneous pneumothorax. The biopsy with following pathomorphological investigation allowed a formulation of exact variant of disseminated processes, which gave the reason for the development of spontaneous pneumothorax in 9 (6%) patients out of 143. The presence of disseminated processes in the lung was detected with multispiral CT in all these patients on preoperative stage. The study of biopsy material found out the presence of emphysema of different degree of manifestation or fibrosis sites in the rest of the patients. An analysis of presented materials allowed the conclusion, that a performance of biopsy was indicated in the case of suspicion for lung disseminated processes in patients with SP. The biopsy with the following histological study didn't explain the reason of the development of emphysematous and fibrous changes in lung parenchyma in all other cases. At the same time, it didn't give the option for pathogenetic treatment and it wasn't possible to predict the following pathogenesis.

[Results of surgical treatment of generalized emphysema of the lungs].

An analysis of examination and treatment results was made in 123 patients with generalized emphysema of the lungs and respiratory failure of II-III degree. The patients were divided into two groups according to the age: younger than 40 years old (group A - 9 patients),40 years old and older (group B - 114). A surgical reduction of lung volume was performed to correct the respiratory failure in 69 patients. The rate of postoperative complications consisted of 14.7% in group A and it was 42.2% in group B.

[Surgical treatment of respiratory failure in young patients with diffuse lung emphysema].

An analysis of results of examination and treatment of 8 young patients (from 25 to 17 years of age) with generalized emphysema of the lungs, pulmonary failure of the II and III degrees was made. The functional examination of the patients before operation has revealed changed respiration by obstructive type. Symptoms of dysplasia of the connective tissue were found in 4 patients. Surgical reduction of the lung volume was performed in 5 patients for correction of respiratory failure. There were neither serious complications nor lethality. Dyspnea by MMRC scale decreased in all the patients at minimum by 1 point during the first months after operation. Three years later 4 out of the operated patients (80%) had retained positive effect of operation. In patients who had no operative treatment the frequency of infectious complications, level of dyspnea during three years of follow-up remained at the same level, while functional indices continued worsening. The surgical method of treatment of severe respiratory failure allowed tolerance of physical exercise to be increased and quality of life of patients with diffuse lung emphysema to be improved.

[Resection of the left atrium in lung cancer].

An analysis of results of surgical treatment of 28 patients with lung cancer who underwent resection of the left atrium has shown that squamous cell cancer was diagnosed in 18 patients (64%), adenocarcinoma--in 5 (18%), dimorphous cancer--in 2 (7%), mucoepidermoid cancer in 2 (7%), atypical carcinoid--in 1 patient (4%). The degree of regional lymphogenic spread of the tumor NO took place in 11 patients (39%), N1--in 6 patients (22%), N2--in 11(39%). True invasion of the tumor to the left atrium myocardium took place in 20 patients (71%), involvement of the pulmonary vein orifices in the tumor process--in 8 (29%). Resection of the atrium was made using mechanical suturing apparatuses. The right side resections were fulfilled in 16 patients (57%), left side resections in 12 patients (43%). Pneumonectomy was fulfilled in 26 patients (93%), lobectomy--in 2 patients (7%). The operative interventions in five cases (18%) were estimated as microscopically non-radical (R1). The average time in the intensive care unit after operation was 3 days (from 1 till 12), in the surgical thoracal department--18 days (from 13 till 37). In the early postoperative period one patient died (4%), complications were noted in 5 patients (18%). The total one year survival was 69%, three year survival--39%, 5 year survival--17%. The survival median was 23 months. Resection of the left atrium in the selected lung cancer patients was not followed by growing operative lethality and the acceptable long term results were obtained.