Recovery of laryngeal nerve function with sugammadex after rocuronium-induced profound neuromuscular block.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sugammadex in reversing profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block at the laryngeal adductor muscles using motor-evoked potentials (mMEPs). DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: University surgical center. PATIENTS: Twenty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical class I-II status who underwent propofol-remifentanil anesthesia for the surgery of the thyroid gland. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were enrolled for reversal of profound neuromuscular block (sugammadex 16 mg/kg, 3 minutes after rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg). To prevent laryngeal nerve injury during the surgical procedures, all patients underwent neurophysiologic monitoring using mMEPs from vocal muscles. At the same time, the registration of TOF-Watch acceleromyograph at the adductor pollicis muscle response to ulnar nerve stimulation was performed; recovery was defined as a train-of-four (TOF) ratio ≥0.9. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: After injection of 16 mg/kg of sugammadex, the mean time to recovery of the basal mMEPs response at the laryngeal adductor muscles was 70 ± 18.2 seconds. The mean time to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9 was 118 ± 80 seconds. In the postoperative period, 12 patients received follow-up evaluation of the vocal cords and no lesions caused by the surface laryngeal electrode during electrophysiological monitoring were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery from profound rocuronium-induced block on the larynx is fast and complete with sugammadex. In urgent scenarios, "early" extubation can be performed, even with a TOF ratio ≤0.9. However, all procedures to prevent postoperative residual curarization should still be immediately undertaken.

Outcome and quality of life of elderly critically ill patients: an Italian prospective observational study.

The demand of critical care admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) is projected to rise in the next decade. The aim of this study was to evaluate short and long-term mortality and quality of life (QoL) of elderly patients (80 years and older) admitted to two ICUs for medical conditions, abdominal surgery (planned and unplanned) and orthopedic surgery for hip fractures, over a 6-year period. Three months and one year after ICU discharge, patients or family members were contacted by telephone to obtain follow-up information using the EuroQoL questionnaire. The data were compared with an age-matched of the Italian population. Two hundred eighty-eight patients were included in the study. ICU mortality of medical (14.8%) and unplanned surgical patients (26.4%) was higher than that of planned surgical (5.0%) and orthopedic patients (2.5%), as was hospital mortality (27.7% vs. 50.0% vs. 5.0% vs. 14.3%). Three months and 12 months mortality rates after ICU discharge were 40.7% and 61.1% in medical patients, 70.5% and 76.4% in unplanned surgical patients, 20.0% and 30.0% in planned surgical patients, 36.2% and 46.2% in orthopedic patients. QoL measures revealed that, one year after ICU discharge, medical and orthopedic patients had significantly more severe problems vis-à-vis mobility, self-care and activity than abdominal surgical patients and control population. Type of admission was the independent risk factor associated with ICU and long-term mortality, whereas age 90 year and older was associated with long-term mortality. Orthopedic surgery for hip fractures seems to influence QoL similar to medical diseases.

Comfort and satisfaction during axillary brachial plexus block in trauma patients: comparison of techniques.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the comfort and satisfaction of patients with trauma of the upper limb during two different techniques of axillary brachial plexus block, electrical nerve stimulation and fascial pop. DESIGN: Randomized-prospective, observational study. SETTING: University surgical center. PATIENTS: 100 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing surgery for trauma of the hand and forearm. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received axillary brachial plexus block with a mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lidocaine. They were then allocated to one of two groups to receive either electrical nerve stimulation (Group 1, n = 50), or fascial pop technique (Group 2, n = 50) for nerve location. MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected on patient demographics, surgery, frequency of complications, and sedation required during the block. Discomfort during the block and surgical comfort were quantified by visual analog scale (0-10). Satisfaction was determined by the following scale: very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, and very dissatisfied. Patients also indicated if in the future they would like to receive the same method of anesthesia. MAIN RESULTS: No differences in demographic or surgical data were found. No serious complications were observed. Eighteen Group 1 patients (36%) and none in Group 2 needed sedation during the blocks. Discomfort during the procedures was greater in Group 1 than Group 2 (4.5 +/- 1.2 vs 1.5 +/- 1, P < 0.05), while patients reported good surgical comfort with both techniques (2.4 +/- 2.9 vs 2.2 +/- 2.1, NS). Eighteen patients in Group 1 and 48 patients in Group 2 would accept the same block for future surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In trauma patients, the fascial pop technique is effective, reduces sedation during axillary brachial plexus block, and has a higher patient acceptance rate than the electrical nerve stimulation technique.

Inhaled nitric oxide combined with prostacyclin and adrenomedullin in acute respiratory failure with pulmonary hypertension in piglets.

Our aim was to evaluate if the combined inhalation of both nitric oxide (iNO) and aerosolized prostacyclin or iNO and adrenomedullin (ADM) is more effective in lowering pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and improving oxygenation than nitric oxide alone in an animal model with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Moreover, we studied the effect on pulmonary mechanics, surfactant activity, and pulmonary oxidative stress of the different treatments. Twenty-eight piglets with acute lung injury induced by lung lavages with saline were randomized to receive nitric oxide, nitric oxide plus prostacyclin, nitric oxide plus ADM or saline, after. Dynamic compliance, tidal volume, and airway resistance were measured. Lung tissue oxidation was evaluated by measuring total hydroperoxide and advanced oxidation protein products in bronchial aspirate samples. Surface surfactant activity was studied using Capillary Surfactometer. Inhaled nitric oxide combined with prostacyclin or ADM was more effective than nitric oxide alone in lowering PAP and improving oxygenation. Nitric oxide alone or combined increased lung compliance and tidal volume, and decreased airway resistance. No effects on surfactant surface activity and lung tissue oxidation were observed. The treatment with nitric oxide alone or combined with prostacyclin or ADM were effective in decreasing mean PAP and improving oxygenation in a piglet model of PH. However, nitric oxide plus prostacyclin and nitric oxide plus ADM were more effective than nitric oxide alone. The combination of aerosolized prostacyclin and ADM with nitric oxide might have a role in the treatment of infants with PH refractory to nitric oxide alone.