Nutrition education strategies to promote vegetable consumption in preschool children: the Veggies4myHeart project.

OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of three nutrition education strategies on the intake of different vegetables in preschool children. DESIGN: This is an experimental study conducted in four Portuguese preschools. The intervention consisted of 20-min educational sessions, once a week, for 5 weeks, with one of the following randomised educational strategies: Portuguese Food Wheel Guide (control), digital game, storybook, storybook and reward (stickers). All groups had repeated exposure to vegetables in all sessions. A pre- and post-test were conducted to determine vegetable intake, and a 6-month follow-up was realised. SETTING: Preschools of Leiria district, Portugal. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 162 children aged 3 to 6 years. All eligible children attending the preschools were invited to participate. RESULTS: All interventions tested were effective in increasing vegetable consumption both in the short and medium term, without statistically significant differences, compared to the control group. Stickers were more effective in the short term than in the medium term. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional education strategies associated with repeated exposure tested in this study were effective in promoting vegetable consumption in preschool children. The use of stickers may be a valid strategy to promote the consumption of vegetables less recognised by children.

Towards an In-Depth Understanding of Physical Activity and Eating Behaviours during COVID-19 Social Confinement: A Combined Approach from a Portuguese National Survey.

Rapid worldwide decreases in physical activity (PA), an increase in sedentary behaviour (SB) and poorer dietary patterns have been reported during COVID-19 confinement periods. However, as national variability has been observed, this study sought to describe PA, SB and eating patterns, and to explore their gender as well as other socio-demographic correlates and how they interrelate in a representative sample of Portuguese adults during the COVID-19 first mandatory social confinement. The survey was applied online and by telephone to 5856 adults (mean age = 45.8 years; 42.6% women). The majority reported high (46.0%) or moderate (20.5%) PA levels. Men, younger participants, those with higher education levels and a favourable perception of their financial situation reported higher PA levels, with the opposite pattern for SB. Physical fitness activities and household chores were more reported by women, with more strength training and running activities reported by men. Regarding eating behaviours, 45.1% reported changes, positive (58%) and negative (42%), with 18.2% reporting increases in consumption of fruit, vegetables, and fish and other seafood consumption, while 10.8% (most with lower educational level and less comfortable with their income) reported an increase in consumption of ready-to-eat meals, soft drinks, savoury snacks, and take-away and delivered meals. Two clusters-a health-enhancing vs. risky pattern-emerged through multiple correspondence analysis characterized by co-occurrence of high vs. low PA levels, positive vs. negative eating changes, awareness or not of the COVID-19 PA and dietary recommendations, perceived financial situation, higher vs. lower educational level and time in social confinement. In conclusion, while in social confinement, both positive and negative PA and eating behaviours and trends were displayed, highlighting the role of key sociodemographic correlates contributing to healthy vs. risky patterns. Results may inform future health interventions and policies to be more targeted to those at risk, and also advocate the promotion of PA and healthy eating in an integrated fashion.

Dietary Patterns Characterized by High Meat Consumption Are Associated with Other Unhealthy Life Styles and Depression Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify dietary patterns (DPs) of Portuguese adults, to assess their socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle determinants, and to identify their impact on health. DESIGN: EpiDoC 2 study included 10,153 Portuguese adults from the EpiDoC Cohort, a population-based study. In this study, trained research assistants using computer-assisted telephone interview collected socioeconomic, demographic, dietary, lifestyles, and health information from March 2013 to July 2015. Cluster analysis was performed, based on questions regarding the number of meals, weekly frequency of soup consumption, vegetables, fruit, meat, fish, dairy products, and daily water intake. Factors associated with DP were identified through logistic regression models. RESULTS: Two DPs were identified: the "meat dietary pattern" and the "fruit & vegetables dietary pattern." After multivariable adjustment, women (OR = 0.52; p < 0.001), older adults (OR = 0.97; p < 0.001), and individuals with more years of education (OR = 0.96; p = 0.025) were less likely to adopt the "meat dietary pattern," while individuals in a situation of job insecurity/unemployment (OR = 1.49; p = 0.013), Azores island residents (OR = 1.40; p = 0.026), current smoking (OR = 1.58; p = 0.001), daily alcohol intake (OR = 1.46; p = 0.023), and physically inactive (OR = 1.86; p < 0.001) were positively and significantly associated with "meat dietary pattern." Moreover, individuals with depression symptoms (OR = 1.50; p = 0.018) and the ones who did lower number of medical appointments in the previous year (OR = 0.98; p = 0.025) were less likely to report this DP. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that unhealthy DPs (meat DP) are part of a lifestyle behavior that includes physical inactivity, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption. Moreover, depression symptoms are also associated with unhealthy DPs.

[Prevalence of Pre-Obesity/Obesity in Pre and Basic School Children at Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal]. / A Prevalência de Pré-Obesidade/Obesidade nas Crianças do Ensino Pré-Escolar e Escolar na Autarquia de Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.

INTRODUCTION: Over 30% of Portuguese children present overweight. Being a serious public health problem with multiple causes, only a cross-sectorial and concerted action could contribute to their resolution. Municipalities have a set of skills that make them ideal for effective intervention in the fight against this problem. For this action to be effective there must be a local assessment of the extent of the problem and their spatial distribution. The aim of this study was to characterize, from the point of view of the prevalence of overweight, the population of pre-school and first cycle basic education under the responsibility of the municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia, the third most populous municipality in the country. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Were evaluated 8 974 pre and basic-school children, in school year 2013/14. The assessment of the nutritional status of the sample was made using anthropometric measures height and weight. In the classification of nutritional status was considered z-scores or percentiles of body mass index for age according to the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight by the World Health Organization requirements was 37.4%. There were some disparities in the distribution of overweight in schools of the municipality. DISCUSSION: The results were slightly higher than those of other national and international studies, being the sampling size the possible justification for the differences founded. CONCLUSION: The prevalence found is high and with irregular geographical distribution, which could help identifying the main causes of the problem at the local level.

Introdução: Mais de 30% das crianças portuguesas apresentam excesso de peso. Sendo um grave problema de saúde pública com múltiplas causas, só uma ação intersectorial e concertada poderá contribuir para a sua resolução. As autarquias possuem um conjunto de competências que as tornam ideais para uma intervenção eficaz na luta contra este problema. Para essa ação ser efetiva é necessária uma avaliação local da dimensão do problema e sua distribuição espacial. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar, do ponto de vista da prevalência de excesso de peso, a população do pré-escolar e primeiro ciclo do ensino básico sob responsabilidade da autarquia de Vila Nova de Gaia, o terceiro município mais populoso do país. Material e Métodos: Avaliaram-se 8 974 crianças do pré-escolar e primeiro ciclo do ensino básico do município, no ano letivo 2013/14. A avaliação do estado nutricional da amostra foi feita com recurso às medidas antropométricas peso e altura. Na classificação do estado nutricional considerou-se os percentis ou z-scores do índice de massa corporal para a idade de acordo com os critérios definidos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention e pela International Obesity Task Force. Resultados: A prevalência de excesso de peso pelo critério da Organização Mundial da Saúde foi de 37,4%. Identificaram-se disparidades na distribuição do excesso de peso nas escolas do concelho. Discussão: Os resultados encontrados foram ligeiramente superiores aos de outros estudos nacionais e internacionais, podendo a abrangência amostral justificar as diferenças encontradas. Conclusão: A prevalência encontrada é elevada e de distribuição aparentemente distinta a nível espacial, o que poderá contribuir para a identificação dos principais determinantes do problema a nível local.

Inequities in energy-balance related behaviours and family environmental determinants in European children: baseline results of the prospective EPHE evaluation study.

BACKGROUND: Tackling inequalities in overweight, obesity and related determinants has become a top priority for the European research and policy agendas. Although it has been established that such inequalities accumulate from early childhood onward, they have not been studied extensively in children. The current article discusses the results of an explorative analysis for the identification of inequalities in behaviours and their determinants between groups with high and low socio-economic status. METHODS: This study is part of the Epode for the Promotion of Health Equity (EPHE) evaluation study, the overall aim of which is to assess the impact and sustainability of EPODE methodology to diminish inequalities in childhood obesity and overweight. Seven community-based programmes from different European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Portugal, Romania, The Netherlands) participate in the EPHE study. In each of the communities, children aged 6-8 years participated, resulting in a total sample of 1266 children and their families. A parental self-administrated questionnaire was disseminated in order to assess the socio-economic status of the household, selected energy balance-related behaviours (1. fruit and vegetable consumption; 2. soft drink/ fruit juices and water consumption; 3. screen time and 4. sleep duration) of the children and associated family environmental determinants. The Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's chi-square test were used to test differences between the low and high education groups. The country-specific median was chosen as the cut-off point to determine the educational level, given the different average educational level in every country. RESULTS: Children with mothers of relatively high educational level consumed fruits and vegetables more frequently than their peers of low socio-economic status. The latter group of children had a higher intake of fruit juices and/or soft drinks and had higher screen time. Parental rules and home availability were consistently different between the two socio-economic groups in our study in all countries. However we did not find a common pattern for all behaviours and the variability across the countries was large. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are indicative of socio-economic inequalities in our samples, although the variability across the countries was large. The effectiveness of interventions aimed at chancing parental rules and behaviour on health inequalities should be studied.

Evaluation of salt content in school meals / Avaliação do conteúdo de sal em refeições escolares

OBJECTIVE: High blood pressure is a major rick factor for cardiovascular disease, and it is closely associated with salt intake. Schools are considered ideal environments to promote health and proper eating habits. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the amount of salt in meals served in school canteens and consumers' perceptions about salt. METHODS: Meals, including all the components (bread, soup, and main dish) were retrieved from school canteens. Salt was quantified by a portable salt meter. For food perception we constructed a questionnaire that was administered to high school students. RESULTS: A total of 798 food samples were analysed. Bread had the highest salt content with a mean of 1.35 g/100 g (SD=0.12). Salt in soups ranged from 0.72 g/100 g to 0.80 g/100 g (p=0.05) and, in main courses, from 0.71 g/100 to 0.97 g/100g (p=0.05). The salt content of school meals is high with a mean value of 2.83 to 3.82 g of salt per meal. Moreover, a high percentage of students consider meals neither salty nor bland, which shows they are used to the intensity/amount of salt consumed. CONCLUSION: The salt content of school meals is high, ranging from 2 to 5 times more than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for children, clearly exceeding the needs for this population, which may pose a health risk. Healthy choices are only possible in environments where such choices are possible. Therefore, salt reduction strategies aimed at the food industry and catering services should be implemented, with children and young people targeted as a major priority. .

OBJETIVO: Considerando que a pressão arterial elevada constitui um dos maiores fatores de risco para as doenças cardiovasculares e sua associação ao consumo elevado de sal, bem como o fato de as escolas serem considerados ambientes de excelência para fomentar a aquisição de bons hábitos alimentares e promover a saúde, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conteúdo de sal presente nas refeições escolares e a percepção dos consumidores sobre o sabor salgado. MÉTODOS: Foram recolhidas refeições nas cantinas das escolas, analisando-se todos os seus componentes (pão, sopa e prato principal). A quantificação de sal foi realizada com um medidor de sal portátil. Para a avaliar a percepção dos consumidores foi desenvolvido e aplicado um questionário aos alunos das escolas preparatórias e secundárias. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 798 componentes de refeições. O pão apresentou o valor mais elevado de sal, com média de 1,35 g/100 g (SD=0.12). O conteúdo de sal nas sopas apresentou média de 0,72 g/100 g a 0,80 g/100 g (p=0,05) e, nos pratos principais, de 0,71 g/100 a 0,97 g/100 g (p=0,05). Em média, as refeições escolares disponibilizaram entre 2,83 e 3,82 g de sal por porção servida, o que representa de duas a cinco vezes mais em relação à dose diária recomendada para crianças e jovens. Para a maioria dos estudantes, o sabor das refeições foi percebido como sendo nem salgado nem insosso, o que parece demonstrar adaptação à intensidade/ quantidade de sal consumida. CONCLUSÃO: Escolhas alimentares saudáveis e adequadas só são possíveis se sustentadas por um ambiente que as facilite. Considerando o impacto que o consumo de sal tem na saúde, em particular nas doenças crônicas, a implementação de estratégias de redução de sal - nas indústrias, serviços de catering e restaurantes -, é imperativa, em particular direcionada para o público mais jovem. .

Perspectivas temporais e regionais da insegurança alimentar durante a crise econômica em Portugal, 2011-2013 / Time and regional perspectives of food insecurity during the economic crisis in Portugal, 2011-2013

Food insecurity (FI) has received much attention in recent years, even in high-income countries, due to the increasing trend of poverty and social inequalities indicators, as a result of the global financial crisis. The establishment of a monitoring system of FI becomes a priority for food and nutrition policies. Our study aims to evaluate FI trends during the economic crisis in Portugal and to identify regional disparities throughout the country. Data derived from three surveys conducted by the Portuguese Directorate-General of Health, concerning FI of the Portuguese population, during the period that Portugal was under the International Monetary Fund financial assistance program (2011–2013). Data were collected by face-to-face interviews and FI was evaluated using a psychometric scale. Logistic regression models were used to identify regional disparities in FI. The prevalence of FI was relatively unchanged at national and regional levels, during the analysis period. Data from 2013 indicates a high prevalence of FI (50.7%), including 33.4% for low FI, 10.1% for moderate FI and 7.2% for severe FI. Disparities according health region were also found for household FI. Algarve, Lisboa and Vale do Tejo were the two regions with the highest levels of FI, even after controlling for other socioeconomic variables. High levels of FI found in Portugal and the different regional profiles suggest the need for regional strategies, in particular in the most affected regions based on a broader action with different policy sectors (health, social security, municipalities and local institutions in the field of social economy)...

As questões da insegurança alimentar (IA) têm merecido uma atenção crescente nos últimos anos, mesmo nos países desenvolvidos, considerando a tendência crescente dos indicadores de pobreza e de desigualdades sociais, em resultado da crise económica global. A implementação de um sistema de monitorização da IA tornou-se uma prioridade das políticas de alimentação e nutrição. Este estudo pretende avaliar as tendências da IA durante a crise económica em Portugal, identificando possíveis iniquidades regionais. Os dados analisados provêm de três inquéritos conduzidos pela Direção-Geral da Saúde, referentes à IA da população portuguesa, durante o período em que Portugal esteve sob intervenção do programa de assistência financeira do Fundo Monetário Internacional (2011-2013). Os dados foram recolhidos por entrevistas face-a-face e a IA avaliada através de uma escala psicométrica. Utilizaram-se modelos de regressão logística para identificar iniquidades regionais na IA. A prevalência de IA manteve-se relativamente inalterada, a nível nacional e regional, durante este período. Em 2013 verificou-se uma elevada prevalência de IA (50,7%) (33,4% IA leve, 10,1% IA moderada e 7,2% IA grave). Iniquidades regionais foram também encontradas para a IA. As regiões do Algarve e de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo foram as que apresentaram níveis de IA mais elevados, mesmo após ajuste para as variáveis socioeconómicas. Os níveis de IA em Portugal e as disparidades regionais encontradas sugerem a necessidade de implementar estratégias a nível regional, em particular nas regiões mais afetadas, envolvendo os diferentes sectores com capacidade interventiva (saúde, segurança social, autarquias, instituições locais na área da economia social)...

Promoting health equity in European children: design and methodology of the prospective EPHE (Epode for the Promotion of Health Equity) evaluation study.

BACKGROUND: Reducing health inequalities is a top priority of the public health agendas in Europe. The EPHE project aims to analyse the added value of a community-based interventional programme based on EPODE methodology, adapted for the reduction of socio-economic inequalities in childhood obesity. The interventions that will be implemented by this project focus on four energy balance-related behaviours (fruit and vegetable consumption, tap water intake, physical inactivity, sleep duration) and their determinants. This article presents the design of the effect evaluation of the EPHE project. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a prospective two-year follow-up evaluation study, which will collect data on the energy balance-related behaviours and potential environmental determinants of 6-8 year olds, depending on the socio-economic status of the parents. For this purpose a parental self-reported questionnaire is constructed. This assesses the socio-economic status of the parents (5 items) and the dietary (12 items), sedentary (2 items) and sleeping (4 items) behaviour of the child. Alongside potential family-environmental determinants are assessed. The EPHE parental questionnaire will be disseminated in schools of a selected medium-sized city in seven European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Portugal, Romania, The Netherlands). DISCUSSION: This study will evaluate the effects of the EPHE community-based interventional programmes. Furthermore, it will provide evidence for children's specific energy balance-related behaviours and family environmental determinants related to socio-economic inequalities, in seven European countries.

Pain and calf hypertrophy associated with spontaneous repetitive discharges treated with botulinum toxin.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of neurogenic calf hypertrophy associated with root lesion responsive to botulinum toxin (BTX). In addition, we systematically review the literature for cases of muscle hypertrophy associated with radiculopathy. METHODS: A 56-year-old man with a previous history of S1 root lesion presented with marked calf hypertrophy, muscle pain, cramps, fasciculations, and increased CK level. Magnetic resonance imaging and muscle biopsy confirmed true muscle hypertrophy. Electromyography (EMG) showed signs of chronic denervation-reinnervation in the right S1 myotome, with greatly increased spontaneous activity (SA) (fasciculations and complex repetitive discharges). Botox(R) was injected in 3 occasions on 4 sites on the right gastrocnemius (20U per site). Symptoms, CK level and SA on EMG (quantified) were evaluated. RESULTS: The patient improved clinically, CK level and SA steadily decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The literature review failed to identify a unique causative factor for muscle hypertrophy related to neurogenic lesions. BTX treatment was effective in our patient with muscle hypertrophy associated with SA. SIGNIFICANCE: We provide further evidence that spontaneous activity secondary to nerve lesion may cause focal muscle hypertrophy. Treatment with BTX should be considered in these conditions.