Lavandula austroapennina (Lamiaceae): Getting Insights into Bioactive Polyphenols of a Rare Italian Endemic Vascular Plant.

Lavandula austroapennina N.G. Passal., Tundis and Upon has recently been described as a new species endemic to the southern Apennines (Italy). Locally, this species has a long ethnobotanical tradition of use for curative and decoration purposes and has been the protagonist of a flourishing essential oil production chain. Currently, while this tradition has long since ended, attention to the species is necessary, with a view to enhancing marginal and rural areas, as a recovery of a precious resource to (i) get insights into its (poly)phenolic fraction and (ii) address new and innovative uses of all its organs in various application fields (e.g., cosmeceutical sector). Therefore, after field sampling and dissection of its organs (i.e., corolla, calyx, leaf, stem and root), the latter, previously deterpenated and defatted, were subjected to accelerated ultrasound extraction and the related alcoholic extracts were obtained. Chemical composition, explored by UHPLC-QqTOF-MS/MS, and the following multivariate data analysis showed that the hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives are abundant in the leaf, stem and root, while flavonoids are more present in corolla and calyx. In particular, coumaroyl flavonoids with glyconic portion containing also hexuronyl moieties differentiated corolla organ, while yunnaneic acid D isomers and esculin distinguished root. When antiradical and reducing properties were evaluated (by means of ABTS, DPPH and PFRAP tests), a similar clustering of organs was achieved and the marked antioxidant efficacy of leaf, stem and root extracts was found. Thus, following cytotoxicity screening by MTT test on HaCaT keratinocytes, the protective effects of the organ extracts were assessed by wound closure observed after the scratch test. In addition, the extracts from corolla, leaf and stem were particularly active at low doses inducing rapid wound closure on HaCaT cells at a concentration of 1 µg/mL. The diversity in (poly)phenols of each organ and the promising bioactivity preliminarily assessed suggest further investigation to be carried out to fully recover and valorize this precious endemic vascular plant.

Ready-to-Use Nutraceutical Formulations from Edible and Waste Organs of Algerian Artichokes.

Edible, plant-derived foodstuffs are recognized as precious sources of polyphenol compounds, whose consumption has proven to have multiple beneficial effects on human health. However, the awareness that cooking processes are able to induce quali-quantitatively changes in their native occurrence and that their bioavailability after food ingestion is poor led the research to move toward the preparation of nutraceutical supplements aimed at maximizing their content by effective extractive techniques and protecting them from degradation. The present work fits into this context, proposing a green, ready-to-use formulation of capitula, stems, and leaves of Algerian artichokes, in which natural deep eutectic solvents were exploited as extracting solvents but not removed at the end of the process. MTT test on the Caco-2 cell line highlighted that mitochondrial redox activity inhibition was absent below the 50 µg/mL tested dose. Simulated in vitro digestion was used as a predictive model for formulation bioaccessibility, where the joint approach with UHPLC-HRMS techniques allowed to define the release of each polyphenol from the investigated matrices. The capitula-based sample was the richest one in flavonoids, especially luteolin and apigenin glycosides, which survived in the intestinal digesta. On the contrary, simple phenols characterized the stem sample, whose release was mainly in the gastric chyme.

Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L.: A Systematic Plant Analysis of the Polar Extracts from Its Organs by UHPLC-HRMS.

Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. (field marigold, Asteraceae) is an alimurgic plant, whose flowers and leaves are a common part of local food dishes. The diversity in polar specialized metabolites is herein unraveled, with the aim to further promote and valorize the food use of the plant. To this purpose, following the plant dissection of its organs (florets, fruits, leaves, bracts, stems, and roots), ultrasound assisted maceration has been employed in order to recover phenols and polyphenols. Through an untargeted UHPLC-HR MS (Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry) approach, and deeper investigation of the fragmentation patterns of each compound by tandem mass spectrometry, the florets' constitution in triterpene saponins and flavonol glycosides has been highlighted, whereas hydroxycinnamoyl compounds are mainly in bracts and fruits. The antiradical and reducing capabilities of the organs' extracts have been assessed, and data acquired have been analyzed by cluster analysis, which allowed bracts and fruits to be observed, despite their negligible food use, as the most active extracts. Chemical and antioxidant data on the diverse organs of field marigold suggest new investigative food and nutraceutical scenarios of this plant, also revalorizing and preserving its traditional uses.

Encapsulating Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. Florets: UHPLC-HRMS Insights into Bioactive Compounds Preservation and Oral Bioaccessibility.

Wild edible plants, once consumed in times of famine or for health purposes, today represent an interesting dietary supplement, aimed at enriching local dishes and/or formulating healthy nutraceutical products. In fact, the broad content of different, and diversely bioactive, specialized metabolites therein suggests new scenarios of use which, in order to be as functional as possible, must maximize the bioactivity of these compounds while preserving their chemistry. In this context, based on a recent investigation on the metabolic profile of the organs of Calendula arvensis that highlighted that florets are abundant in flavonol glycosides and triterpene saponins, the freeze-drying encapsulation of their alcoholic extract (FE) into maltodextrin (MD) was investigated. FE-MD chemical composition was evaluated using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR), while ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) techniques were employed to unravel FE compound preservation also during in vitro simulated digestion. The establishment of H-bonds between FE compounds and MD hydroxyl groups was in line with FE-MD biocompatibility in Caco-2 cells, while in vitro digestion mostly affected structural integrity and/or diversity. Flavonol compounds underwent deglycosylation and demethylation, while deacylation, beyond oxidation, involved triterpene saponins, which massively preserve their aglycone core.

Envelhecimento e risco cardiovascular: como prevenir / Aging and cardiovascular risk: how to prevent

O envelhecimento é inevitável. O que é evitável, no entanto, é o chamado envelhecimento mal-sucedido, com aumento de morbidades e redução na expectativa de vida ativa. As doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de incapacidade e mortalidade entre os idosos. A doença aterosclerótica, tanto coronária como encefálica ou periférica, tem na hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, diabete melito, sedentarismo e tabagismo seus maiores fatores causais ou de risco modificáveis por meio de intervenção terapêutica ou corpontamental. A sensibilização dos indivíduos pelo conhecimento pode predispô-lo a aderir ao tripé de medidas intervencionistas no chamado estilo de vida: a saber, abandono do tabagismo, mudança de hábito nutricionais, prática de atividade física...

Tratamento não-medicamentoso da hipertensão no idoso / Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in the elderly

O tratamento não-farmacológico da hipertensão arterial no idoso é realizado por meio de mudanças no estilo de vida. Essas mudanças podem prevenir ou retardar a instalação de hipertensão em idosos pré-hipertensos e reduzir níveis pressóricos elevados em idosos hipertensos. Entretanto, mudanças do comportamento habitual adquirido ao longo da vida não são facilmente realizadas, pois exigem disciplina e paciência para obter resultados. Além disso, é necessário que o idoso receba orientação e conscientização da importância do controle desses fatores para que se motive a executar tais mudanças comportamentais.As principais modificações no estilo de vida que podem reduzir a pressão arterial são: a prática de atividade física e a mudança de hábitos nutricionais. A atividade física deve ser de fácil realização, com exercícios de curta duração e baixa intensidade, visando desenvolver a resistência, flexibilidade articular e força muscular sem provocar lesões, e pode ser fracionada ao longo do dia, com aumento gradativo do tempo e da intensidade do exercício. Os hábitos nutricionais devem visar à redução c de sódio e ao controle de peso. A pressão arterial aumenta progressivamente à medida que o índice de massa corporal aumenta. O idoso obeso ou com sobrepeso se beneficiará com a redução de peso tanto quanto o jovem. Recomenda-se um programa de redução de peso que E inclua atividade física e restrição de calorias para idosos com 10 acima de seu peso ideal, além de redução do sal da dieta para 2,4 g de sódio ou 6 g de cloreto de sódio (correspondente a uma colher de chá).

Peculiaridades da farmacoterapêutica cardiovascular no idoso / Peculiarities of the cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutic in the elderly

O incremento da população geriátrica representa importante alteração demográfica do final do século XX e início do XXI. Como um grupo, idosos requerem cuidados médicos e terapêuticos mais freqüentes e utilizam o serviço de saúde em maior escala que indivíduos mais jovens. Essa revolução demográfica tem importantes implicações práticas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas. A utilização apropriada de medicamentos na população geriátrica requer o conhecimento das alterações fisiológicas do envelhecimento e dos efeitos das doenças concomitantes, que podem influenciar a farmacocinética e a farmacodinâmica, assim como das respostas terapêutica e tóxica aos medicamentos, de forma clinicamente importante. A falta de atenção cuidadosa na seleção, na posologia e na monitoração dos fármacos nessa população pode induzir benefício terapêutico incompleto e alta incidência de reações adversas. Isso é particularmente significante para os medicamentos cardiovasculares, muitos dos quais têm índice tóxico/terapêutico estreito. Como as idades cronológica e biológica freqüentemente não são comparáveis, e como existem grandes variações entre os idosos nas respostas farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica, é difícil estabelecer generalizações. Fatores socioeconômicos e a não-observância adequada da prescrição são causa importante da falha terapêutica em qualquer idade, e particularmente nos idosos. Polifarmácia, esquemas terapêuticos complicados, distúrbios visuais, auditivos ou mentais, falta de compreensão, ausência de auxílio de familiares ou afins são alguns dos muitos fatores que contribuem para a não-observância ao tratamento.

The increase of the geriatric population represents a major demographic change in the end of the 20th Century and beginning of the 21st. As a group, the elderly require a closer and more frequent medical and therapeutic care and use health services in a larger scale than younger individuals. Such demographic revolution comprehends major practical, diagnostic and therapeutic implications. The appropriate use of medication in the geriatric population requires knowledge on the physiologic changing of the aging and on the effects of the collateral diseases that may impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the therapeutic and toxic response to medication, in a substantial clinical way. The lack of careful attention in the selection, posology and monitoring of the pharmaceutical drugs in this population may incite an incomplete therapeutic benefit and a high occurrence of conflicting reactions. This is particularly meaningful in the case of cardiovascular medication, many of which have a very critical toxic/therapeutic rate. Since the chronologic and biologic ages are usually not comparable, and since there are great variation among the elderly in the harmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics responses, it is difficult to establish generalization. Social and economical factors as well as the non-observance of adequate prescription are major reasons for therapeutic failure in any age, and particularly with the elderly. Polypharmacy, complicated therapeutic schemes, visual, hearing or mental impairment, lack of comprehension, absence of assistance from family members or relatives, are some of the many factors that contribute for non-observance of treatment.