Real-world use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists for the management of immune thrombocytopenia in adult patients in the United Kingdom: Results from the TRAIT study.

Few studies have reported the real-world use of both romiplostim and eltrombopag in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). TRAIT was a retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the platelet responses and adverse effects associated with the use of these thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) in adult patients with ITP in the United Kingdom. Of 267 patients (median age at diagnosis, 48 years) with ITP (primary ITP [n = 218], secondary ITP [n = 49]) included in the study, 112 (42%) received eltrombopag and 155 (58%) received romiplostim as the first prescribed TPO-RA. A platelet count ≥30 × 109/L was achieved in 89% of patients with the first TPO-RA treatments, while 68% achieved a platelet count ≥100 × 109/L. Treatment-free response (TFR; platelet count ≥30 × 109/L, 3 months after discontinuing treatment) was achieved by 18% of the total patients. Overall, 61 patients (23%) switched TPO-RAs, most of whom achieved platelet counts ≥30 × 109/L with the second TPO-RA (23/25 who switched from eltrombopag to romiplostim [92%]; 28/36 who switched from romiplostim to eltrombopag [78%]). TFR was associated with secondary ITP, early TPO-RA initiation after diagnosis, the presence of comorbidity and no prior splenectomy or treatment with steroids or mycophenolate mofetil. Both TPO-RAs had similar efficacy and safety profiles to those reported in clinical studies.

Multiple myeloma and its treatment contribute to increased platelet reactivity.

Multiple myeloma (MM) and its precursor states, smoldering myeloma (SM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) are associated with increased incidence of thrombosis, however the cause of this is unknown. Lenalidomide treatment of MM substantially improves patient survival, although significantly increases thrombotic risk by an unknown mechanism. This pilot study aimed to establish the impact of MM and its treatment with Lenalidomide on platelet function. We analyzed platelet function in MGUS, SM and MM compared to healthy controls. We report an increase in platelet reactivity in MGUS, SM, and MM where increases in fibrinogen binding, P-selectin exposure, altered receptor expression, elevated levels of aggregation and enhanced sensitivity to agonist stimulation were observed. We also demonstrate an increase in patient platelet reactivity post Lenalidomide treatment compared to pre-treatment. We show Lenalidomide treatment of platelets ex vivo increased reactivity that was associated with formation of larger thrombi at arterial shear rates but not venous shear rates. This study demonstrates a clear increase in platelet reactivity and prothrombotic potential in patients with MGUS, SM and MM which is elevated further upon treatment with Lenalidomide. Our observations suggest that more detailed studies are warranted to determine mechanisms of thrombotic complications to enable the development of new preventative strategies that specifically target platelets.

What is the context?Multiple myeloma is associated with increased risk of thrombosis, although the potential role of platelets in this has not been evaluated.What is new?We show in this pilot study that multiple myeloma and its precursor states of smoldering myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance are associated with increased levels of platelet responses. This is further exacerbated by treatment with the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide.What is the impact?This study suggests that more detailed studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms that cause these effects in a larger population of patients, since this may reveal new approaches to prevent myeloma-associated thrombotic complications.

T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia: A report on the treatment of 29 patients and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, there is no standard treatment for patients with T-cell large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia. Available data are limited by patient numbers and coexisting pathologies. METHODS: The authors report on the use of immunosuppressants (cyclosporin A [CSA] and low-dose oral methotrexate [MTX] given continuously) and cytotoxic agents in the treatment of 29 patients with T-cell LGL leukemia age over the past 20 years. RESULTS: The overall response rate (ORR) to MTX (n = 8 patients) was 85.7% (complete hematologic response [CHR] rate, 14.3%; partial response [PR] rate, 71.4%) with dose-dependent responses observed and safe usage of doses >10 mg/m2 per week in 2 patients. The ORR to CSA (n = 23 patients) was 78.2% (CHR rate, 30.4%; PR rate, 47.8%). The median time to response for both agents was 1 month. Toxicity, although it was minor in most patients and was more common in the CSA group, included second malignancies in 5 patients. An ORR of 67% (all CHR) was attained with pentostatin (n = 4 patients); recurrences developed after a median of 4.6 years. Successful retreatment with pentostatin was possible but with increasing drug resistance. Cyclophosphamide induced CHR that lasted >7 years with bone marrow clearance in 1 of 4 patients. Alemtuzumab induced a PR in 1 patient who had refractory disease. CONCLUSIONS: Both MTX and CSA were efficacious in the treatment of T-cell LGL leukemia but generally required long-term maintenance therapy. The authors highlight the risks of second malignancies and persistence of bone marrow disease. Although MTX and CSA were effective as first-line therapy, alemtuzumab and pentostatin merit further investigation, particularly for refractory disease.

High dose methylprednisolone can induce remissions in CLL patients with p53 abnormalities.

Abnormalities of the p53 gene are known to confer detrimental effects in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and are associated with short survival. We have used high dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) to treat 25 patients with advanced refractory CLL of whom 45% had p53 abnormalities shown by one or more methods: flow cytometry, fluorescent in situ hybridisation and direct DNA sequencing. Fifteen were resistant to fludarabine and 16 were non-responders to their most recent therapy. Methylprednisolone had a cytotoxic effect on lymphocytes from 95% of cases assessed by an ex vivo apoptotic drug sensitivity index (DSI). HDMP was given alone or in combination with other drugs: vincristine, CCNU, Ara-C, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and chlorambucil, according to the results of DSI. Three patients were treated twice and each treatment was analysed separately. The overall response rate was 77% with a median duration of 12 months (range 7 -23+). Responders included 5/10 with abnormal p53, of which two achieved nodular PR. Patients with p53 abnormalities fared worse than those with normal p53. There were no differences in response according to whether HDMP was used alone or in combination. Nine of the 22 evaluable patients (3 NR and 6 PR) have died from progressive disease or transformation. Main toxicity was infection in 7/25 patients. Event free and overall survival were significantly better in responders vs non-responders ( P>0.0001 and P=0.04 respectively). Patients with a DSI of 100% to steroids had a better overall and event free survival, but this was not statistically significant. This study demonstrates that HDMP alone or in combination with other agents is a useful treatment strategy in refractory CLL including patients with p53 abnormalities.