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INTRODUCTION: Human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) shows different biological behavior as compared to tobacco-induced OSCC. Mere presence of HPV in OSCC is of no clinical significance; however, the integration of HPV-DNA through E6/E7 gene into the host genome is important as it affects the development and progression of OSCC. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of E6/E7 proteins of high-risk (HR) HPV (HPV16 and HPV18) in saliva as well as lesional tissue of OSCC patients and to determine the use of saliva as an alternative to tissue for E6 and E7 proteins in OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histopathologically confirmed 47 cases of OSCC were taken up for the study. The tumor tissue and saliva sample of each patient were obtained to detect the presence of HPV16 and HPV18 along with E6/E7 proteins in both samples by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (NMPCR). The data were analyzed using Student t-test (2 tailed) and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. RESULTS: In tumor tissue, 40.42% of cases showed HPV16 (19/47) positivity while 34.04% were HPV18 (16/47) positive; whereas, in salivary sample, 31.91% showed HPV16 (15/47) positivity while 25.53% of cases were HPV18 positive (12/47). Mean age of participants was 46.7 years, males showed no significant difference from females in the prevalence of HPV 16/18 with tongue being the most common site for the occurrence. There was no statistically significant difference for HPV16/18 presence in tissue and saliva sample of OSCC. Taking lesional tissue sample as standard, sensitivity and specificity for HPV16 and HPV18 in saliva by NMPCR was estimated at 68.42% and 92.86%, respectively. The accuracy level of NMPCR detection for HPV16 was 82.98% and HPV18 was 65.96%. CONCLUSION: The study revealed no significant difference in the prevalence of HPV (16/18) among tissue and saliva of OSCC patients in Indian population. The study also found no difference in the level of DNA content of HPV in saliva and tissue indicating that saliva can be used as an alternative predictor of HPV positivity in OSCC.
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OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the dietary patterns among stroke patients in India. We explored the dietary patterns in stroke patients and attempted to correlate the dietary patterns with stroke characteristics. METHODS: This hospital-based study was carried out in a tertiary referral centre in Northwest India from March 2008 to September 2009. All first ever stroke (ischaemic and hemorrhagic) patients were interviewed by the dietician using an oral diet questionnaire. The demographic information and risk factors were noted and outcome was assessed after 30 days using modified Rankin scale (≤2 = good outcome). RESULTS: A total of 210 stroke patients were enrolled. The mean age was 60 ± 14 years and 126 (60%) patients were men. Hypertension (167 (79.5%)) was the major risk factor. All patients consumed cereals and beverages. Consumption of other food items in the diet were as follows: milk and milk products (203 (96.7%)), saturated fats (butter, butter oil, cream) (133 (63.3%)), bakery items (139 (66.2%)), fried snacks (116 (55.2%)), fruits (96 (45.7%)), and juices (20 (9.5%)). Large proportion of the patients (112 (53.6%)) consumed more food calories than recommended. Use of fried snacks was significant in patients who consumed alcohol (P = 0.03) and patients who had diabetes mellitus were more likely to use saturated fats (P = 0.01). DISCUSSION: Majority of the patients consumed milk and milk products. Fruits and juices were consumed by a small proportion of patients. Our results provide opportunities for stroke prevention by diet modification.