Cardiac tumors in children: A 20-year review of clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment.

BACKGROUND: The use of new imaging techniques has contributed significantly to earlier diagnosis and treatment of cardiac tumors. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze data from children with cardiac tumors in terms of clinical presentation, the role of noninvasive diagnostic procedures and the long-term outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data analyzed retrospectively concerned 30 children in whom cardiac tumors were diagnosed from January 1995 to July 2015. The cardiac evaluation included a review of the subjects' medical records and medical history, a physical examination, standard 12-lead electrocardiography, echocardiography and 24-h Holter ECG monitoring at the time of diagnosis and at 6-12 month intervals during the follow-up at the authors' outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Most of the children did not need cardiac surgery; surgical tumor excision was necessary in 3 cases only. There was 1 death in the follow-up period. Rhabdomyoma was diagnosed in 22 cases, and in 16 of them tuberous sclerosis was confirmed during the follow-up period. In the remaining 8 cases, fibroma was the most likely diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The symptomatology of cardiac tumors in children can vary greatly, from the absence of any symptoms up to heart failure and respiratory distress indicating the need for surgical intervention. The diagnosis of cardiac tumors relies almost exclusively on noninvasive imaging techniques. The observations in this study confirm the fact that the most common cardiac tumor in children is rhabdomyoma, which may disappear spontaneously. Most patients with cardiac tumors do not require treatment.

Effects of physical activity during pregnancy and gestational weight gain on newborn weight and length at birth in Warminsko-Mazurskie province.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research has identified a relationship between maternal physical activity, early nutrition and infant birth weight with likelihood of developing future diseases. The aim of the study was to determine a relationship between gestational weight gain and physical activity during pregnancy to the nutritional status of newborns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The presented study was conducted in the period from February 2010 until November 2012 in the gynecological and obstetric clinics in Warminsko-Mazurskie voivodeship with various levels of reference. The research subjects included 510 women in the puerperal period aged 18-36. The scope of the research included an assessment of the selected anthropometric parameters of both pregnant women (body mass, height, BMI, gestational weight gain) and newborns (infant birth weight, infant length, Ponderal Index), as well as an analysis of the connections between the gestational weight gain, physical activity during pregnancy and anthropometric parameters of newborns. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In the study group there was a significant percentage of women characterised by an inactive lifestyle and excessive gestational weight gain. There were significantly higher neonatal birth anthropometric parameters in women with abnormal excessive gestational weight gain than in women with normal and inappropriate - low gestational weight gain. The highest percentage of women with appropriate weight gain was observed in the group of women who are physically active, although this requires confirmation in larger population. Our studies have not shown statistically significant differences between the gestational weight gain and nutritional status of newborns in relation to the level of physical activity of pregnant women.

Morphological remarks regarding the structure of conduction system in the right ventricle.

BACKGROUND: The knowledge of conduction system morphology has a vital significance in cardiology and cardiac surgery - it enables to interpret pathologies and choose treatment. This has been confirmed by numerous accounts, both in the context of e.g. atrial fibrillation ablations as well as treating septum defects. Due to diversity and changeability of conduction system structure and their clinical implications, its thorough analyses seem to bear special importance. AIM: To examine the structure of selected elements of conduction system present in the right ventricle (RV). METHODS: Elements of conduction system present in RV of 6 foetuses (from 12 to 32 weeks of foetus age), 6 children (from 1 day to 7-year-old) and 10 adults (from 37 to 79-year-old) were histologically examined. Cross sections of 10 moderator bands and 10 anterior papillary muscles of adult human hearts were made. Specimens including membranous and muscular parts of the septum along with diverging moderator band were taken from a group of foetus, child and adult hearts. Cuttings of 10 micron width were stained with Masson's method in Goldner's modification. On the basis of the sections of membranous and muscular parts of the septum, the continuities of the elements of the conduction system were analysed. RESULTS: It was observed that in most cases the right branch of His' bundle locates itself deep in the muscular tissue of the septum irrespective of age; it is clearly separate along its whole run and gradually penetrates the muscular tissue with its fibers. Hardly ever does the right branch of His' bundle locate itself on the surface, subendocardially, with a minimum penetration into the muscular tissue. Moreover, in most cases, elements of conduction system are present in moderator band. The main tissue constituting its stroma is above all muscular tissue and to a lesser extent, connective tissue. In addition to this, fat tissue in variable proportion was also observed. In cross sections of the moderator band a distinctively circumscribed stripe of fibers of the conduction system was found. However, one could also observe samples in which its identification was not possible. CONCLUSIONS: The right branch of His bundle within the muscular part of the septum in most cases is located intramuscularly irrespective of age. The results of analyses prove a relatively constant character of the presence of the conduction system within the moderator band.

Short history of the autopsy. Part I. From prehistory to the middle of the 16th century.

We present the first part of work concerning the history of autopsy. During the development of the pathology the role of autopsy was changing. The attitude towards the human body was often a result of struggles between human will to learn and religious beliefs. The knowledge was built upon religious procedures (mummification) through medical and surgical care of the victims of fights and wars and first autopsies. Until the 13th century dissections were seldom performed, sometimes in public. The aims varied from strictly scientific and practical (surgery) to artistic (human body in arts). Later on physicians were learning how to draw conclusions from autopsy results including malformations, pathologies, diseases, causes of death in order to try to put right diagnoses.

Mimetic muscles and emotions: Hans Memling's fifteenth century masterpiece, "Last judgment," as a study for aesthetic surgery.

As the most recognizable part of the body, the face has always interested, not only artists, but doctors as well. Each has had their own perception of facial beauty. The task for plastic and aesthetic surgery regarding the face is to reconstruct, not only traumatic lesions, but also to prevent the effects of facial tissue aging. It is also important to preserve the aesthetic values of the face in different emotional conditions. Those conditions are partially represented by mimetic or facial muscles. One might suggest that the perception of human beings portrayed by the artists could be very helpful in the realm of plastic and aesthetic surgery. Take, for example, Hans Memling, a fifteenth century Flemish artist whose masterpiece "Last Judgment" is exhibited at Gdansk National Museum in Poland. The fortunate individuals on the left side of the painting are queuing at heaven's gate to receive their reward. Their faces are smooth with smiles, displaying blessings and happiness. The right-hand side of the painting exemplifies the expression of fear and the drama of the situation. These sinners have been damned and sentenced to hell by evil creatures. The fear, pain, and tragedy of condemnation fill their faces. For plastic and cosmetic surgeons, studying the works of great artists has not been as valuable as using the emotionless and intangible figures of an anatomy book. Undoubtedly, the only useful paintings and sculptures are those that are full of expression with the face displaying a plethora of emotions. In all surgical approaches where mimetic muscles are concerned, one has to remember and be conscious of the fact that the face is a very significant part of our body.