Nicotine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors are relevant pharmacological targets for the control of multidrug resistant parasitic nematodes.

The control of parasitic nematodes impacting animal health relies on the use of broad spectrum anthelmintics. However, intensive use of these drugs has led to the selection of resistant parasites in livestock industry. In that respect, there is currently an urgent need for novel compounds able to control resistant parasites. Nicotine has also historically been used as a de-wormer but was removed from the market when modern anthelmintics became available. The pharmacological target of nicotine has been identified in nematodes as acetylcholine-gated ion channels. Nicotinic-sensitive acetylcholine receptors (N-AChRs) therefore represent validated pharmacological targets that remain largely under-exploited. In the present study, using an automated larval migration assay (ALMA), we report that nicotinic derivatives efficiently paralyzed a multiple (benzimidazoles/levamisole/pyrantel/ivermectin) resistant field isolate of H. contortus. Using C. elegans as a model we confirmed that N-AChRs are preferential targets for nornicotine and anabasine. Functional expression of the homomeric N-AChR from C. elegans and the distantly related horse parasite Parascaris equorum in Xenopus oocytes highlighted some striking differences in their respective pharmacological properties towards nicotine derivative sensitivity. This work validates the exploitation of the nicotine receptors of parasitic nematodes as targets for the development of resistance-breaking compounds.

Modulation of the multidrug resistance (MDR) system in the nematode Haemonchus contortus by changing cholesterol content: effects on resistance to anthelmintics.

OBJECTIVES: The efficiency of the anthelmintics used to treat small domestic ruminants infected with nematodes is compromised by the emergence of resistant parasites. Both specific and non-specific mechanisms of resistance exist. The non-specific mechanisms involve multiple resistance phenomena and are dependent on the multidrug resistance (MDR) system, which is also responsible for the development of chemotherapy-resistant tumour cells. We showed previously that the system also exists in nematodes. Membrane 'pumps', known as P-glycoproteins (Pgp), are activated in the MDR system. The nature of the membrane, in particular the lipids, appears to condition the activity of the pumps. Thus, we studied the effects of cholesterol on drug transport activity in the nematode Haemonchus contortus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used methyl-beta-cyclodextrin to carry out cholesterol depletion and cholesterol loading experiments. The resulting changes in resistance were estimated by measuring changes in drug transport (a) by means of in vitro egg hatch assays in the presence of a benzimidazole anthelmintic, thiabendazole and (b) by measuring the transport of rhodamine 123 (R123), a specific substrate of Pgp. We used biochemical assays to estimate the cholesterol concentration in the parasites. RESULTS: Changes in the cholesterol content induced changes in anthelmintic resistance; cholesterol depletion gave increased resistance and cholesterol loading gave decreased resistance. These changes also altered the transport of R123. CONCLUSION: Cholesterol depletion or cholesterol loading allow modulation of xenobiotic resistance in nematode eggs as they do in tumour cells. The effect appears to be correlated with changes in the function of membrane P-glycoproteins. The lipid environment thus influences the nematode Pgp activity.