aPDT for periodontitis treatment in ovariectomized rats under systemic nicotine.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planning (SRP) for the treatment of experimental periodontitis (EP) in ovariectomized rats under systemic nicotine. METHODS: Female ovariectomized rats (n = 180) were divided into two groups: vehicle administration (Veh) and nicotine administration (Nic). Mini-pumps containing either vehicle or nicotine were inserted in the rats 30 days before the induction of EP, which was induced by placing a ligature around the left mandibular first molar. The rats were randomly divided into three treatment subgroups: SRP, SRP plus low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and SRP plus aPDT. aPDT consisted of the application of a phenothiazine photosensitizer followed by LLLT. Ten animals from each group were euthanized at days 7, 15, and 30 after periodontal treatment. The furcation region was evaluated using histological, histometric analyses and immunolabelling for PCNA, TRAP, RANKL, and OPG. RESULTS: Nicotine administration resulted in greater bone loss (BL). aPDT resulted in lower BL compared to SRP. aPDT showed higher quantities of PCNA-positive cells compared to SRP, regardless of the nicotine status. aPDT resulted in less recruitment of osteoclasts and lower RANKL immunolabelling compared to LLLT and SRP. CONCLUSION: aPDT was effective in animals treated with nicotine.

Antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of systemic antibiotics in the periodontal treatment of smokers. The selection criteria were as follows: controlled randomized clinical trials; studies published in English; studies with smoker patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis; patients without systemic diseases; studies that used systemic antibiotic therapy associated with periodontal treatment; studies that presented results for the test and control groups and assessments of clinical periodontal parameters, such as probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL). The differences in average weights were calculated with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% for PD reduction, CAL gain and BOP. The means of the periodontal clinical parameters were compared between the baseline and post-treatment periods between the test groups and the control groups. The heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q test (Q (df = 3), α = 5%). A total of 67 articles were found, and after the selection process, three randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicate that SRP associated with systemic antibiotics promoted additional benefits when compared to SRP alone, with a greater reduction of PD (p = 0.0359, CI = -0.42, -0.01) and a gain of CAL (p = 0.0161, CI = -0.39, -0.04). There was a modest PD reduction (PD, DM -0.21) and a modest CAL gain (CAL, DM -0.22). The results of our meta-analysis reveal the clinical benefits of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to the non-surgical periodontal treatment of smokers. These clinical improvements, although statistically significant, appeared to be of little clinical relevance.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy minimizes the deleterious effect of nicotine in female rats with induced periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to compare the use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of experimentally induced periodontitis in female rats that were systemically treated with or without nicotine. Female rats (n = 180) were divided into two groups: vehicle administration (Veh) and nicotine administration (Nic). Mini-pumps containing either vehicle or nicotine were implanted in the rats 30 days before the induction of experimental periodontitis (EP). EP was induced by placing a cotton ligature around the left mandibular first molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed, and the rats were randomly divided into three treatment subgroups: SRP (only SRP), DL (SRP plus diode laser), and aPDT (SRP plus aPDT). The aPDT consisted of phenothiazine photosensitizer deposition followed by diode laser irradiation. Ten rats from each subgroup were euthanized at 7, 15, and 30 days after treatment. Alveolar bone loss (ABL) in the furcation region was evaluated using histological, histometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. The rats that were treated with nicotine showed more ABL compared to those treated with vehicle. In both the Veh and Nic groups, SRP plus aPDT treatment resulted in reduced ABL, smaller numbers of both TRAP- and RANKL-positive cells, and higher numbers of PCNA-positive cells compared to SRP treatment alone. aPDT was an effective adjunctive therapy for the treatment of periodontitis in female rats regardless of whether they received nicotine.

Treatment of experimental periodontitis in rats using repeated adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.

The aim of this study was to histologically and histometrically evaluate the influence of repeated adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on bone loss (BL) in furcation areas in rats. Periodontitis was induced by placing a ligature around the mandibular molar in 75 rats. The animals were divided into five groups: the SS group was treated with saline solution (SS); the SRP group received scaling and root planing (SRP); the aPDT1 group received SRP as well as toluidine blue (TBO) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT; InGaAlP, 660 nm; 4.94 J/cm(2)/point) postoperatively at 0 h; the aPDT2 group received SRP as well as TBO and LLLT postoperatively at 0, 24, 28, and 72 h; and the aPDT3 group received SRP, TBO, and LLLT postoperatively at 0, 48, 96, and 144 h. The area of BL in the furcation region of the molar was histometrically analyzed. Data were analyzed statistically (P < 0.05). Animals treated with a single episode of aPDT showed less BL at days 7 and 30 than those who received only SRP treatment. No significant differences were found among the aPDT groups (P > 0.05). Repeated aPDT did not improve BL reduction when compared to a single episode of aPDT.