Immunonutrition in head and neck cancer: Systematic review and metanalysis of its clinical and nutritional effects.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of glutamine, arginine and omega-3 supplementation on the tolerance to treatment, nutritional status and immune function of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: Randomized clinical trials were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, OpenGrey and Proquest. Tolerance to treatment, nutritional status, immune function and mortality rate were the primary outcomes investigated. Secondary outcomes comprised functional status, weight loss and body composition. Risk of bias of individual studies and the overall quality of the evidence were assessed using the Cochrane and the GRADE tools, respectively. RESULTS: Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria and nine were included in the meta-analyses, which assessed mucositis severity, weight loss and handgrip strength. Ten studies were evaluated as high risk of bias. Glutamine supplementation has significantly reduced the risk of grade 2-4 mucositis (RR: 0.76, IC95% [0.63; 0.92], P = 0.006, I2 = 0%; P = 0.792; 4 studies). Omega-3 supplementation did not show statistically significant results on weight loss (SMD: -0.042, 95% CI [-0.322; 0.238], P = 0.769, I2 = 33.4%; P = 0.212; 4 studies). The overall quality of the evidence ranged from low to very low. CONCLUSIONS: These results must be interpreted with caution due to differences between supplementations regimen, lack of methodological rigor in most studies and due to the possible role of glutamine in tumor metabolism. Studies focused on elucidating the contribution of each immunonutrient to HNC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy deserve further investigation.

Kidney Disease in Diabetes Mellitus: Cross-Linking between Hyperglycemia, Redox Imbalance and Inflammation / Doença Renal do Diabetes: Cross-Linking entre Hiperglicemia, Desequilíbrio Redox e Inflamação

Abstract Chronic hyperglycemia is the key point of macro- and microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Excess glucose is responsible for inducing redox imbalance and both systemic and intrarenal inflammation, playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, which is currently the leading cause of dialysis in the world. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex, multifactorial and not fully elucidated; many factors and mechanisms are involved in the development, progression and clinical outcomes of the disease. Despite the disparate mechanisms involved in renal damage related to diabetes mellitus, the metabolic mechanisms involving oxidative/inflammatory pathways are widely accepted. The is clear evidence that a chronic hyperglycemic state triggers oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by altered metabolic pathways in a self-perpetuating cycle, promoting progression of cell injury and of end-stage renal disease. The present study presents an update on metabolic pathways that involve redox imbalance and inflammation induced by chronic exposure to hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease.

Resumo A hiperglicemia crônica é o ponto-chave das complicações macro e microvasculares associadas ao diabetes mellitus. O excesso de glicose é responsável por induzir desequilíbrio redox e inflamação sistêmica e intra-renal, desempenhando um papel crítico na patogênese da doença renal do diabetes, configurada atualmente como a principal causa de doença renal dialítica em todo o mundo. A patogênese da doença é complexa, multifatorial e, não totalmente elucidada, estando vários fatores e mecanismos associados ao seu desenvolvimento, progressão e desfechos clínicos. Apesar dos mecanismos díspares envolvidos nos danos renais durante o diabetes, os caminhos metabólicos pela via oxidativa/inflamatória são amplamente aceitos e discutidos. As evidências acentuam que o estado hiperglicêmico crônico desencadeia o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação mediada por diversas vias metabólicas alteradas em um ciclo-vicioso de autoperpetuação, promovendo aumento da injúria celular e progressão para a doença renal dialítica. O presente artigo traz, portanto, uma atualização sobre os caminhos metabólicos que envolvem o desequilíbrio redox e a inflamação induzidos pela exposição crônica à hiperglicemia na patogênese da doença renal do diabetes.

PRE-OPERATIVE FASTING: WHY ABBREVIATE?

INTRODUCTION: Considering the practice of preoperative fasting based on observations on the gastric emptying delay after induction and the time of this fast is closely linked to organic response to trauma, arise the question about preoperative fasting period necessary to minimize such response and support the professional with clinical and scientific evidence. AIM: To review the aspects related to the abbreviation of preoperative fasting from the metabolic point of view, physiology of gastric emptying, its clinical benefits and the currently recommendations. METHOD: Literature review was based on articles and guidelines published in English and Portuguese, without restriction of time until January 2017, in PubMed, SciELO and Cochrane with the descriptors: surgery, preoperative fasting, carbohydrate. From the universe consulted, 31 articles were selected. RESULTS: The literature suggests that the abbreviation of fasting with beverage added carbohydrates until 2 h before surgery, can bring benefits on glycemic and functional parameters, reduces hospitalization, and does not present aspiration risk of healthy patients undergoing elective surgery. Another nutrient that has been added to the carbohydrate solution and has shown promising results is glutamine. CONCLUSION: The abbreviation of preoperative fasting with enriched beverage with carbohydrates or carbohydrate and glutamine seems to be effective in the care of the surgical patient, optimizing the recovery from of postoperative period.

Pre-operative fasting: why abbreviate? / Jejum pré-operatório: por que abreviar?

ABSTRACT Introduction : Considering the practice of preoperative fasting based on observations on the gastric emptying delay after induction and the time of this fast is closely linked to organic response to trauma, arise the question about preoperative fasting period necessary to minimize such response and support the professional with clinical and scientific evidence. Aim : To review the aspects related to the abbreviation of preoperative fasting from the metabolic point of view, physiology of gastric emptying, its clinical benefits and the currently recommendations. Method : Literature review was based on articles and guidelines published in English and Portuguese, without restriction of time until January 2017, in PubMed, SciELO and Cochrane with the descriptors: surgery, preoperative fasting, carbohydrate. From the universe consulted, 31 articles were selected. Results : The literature suggests that the abbreviation of fasting with beverage added carbohydrates until 2 h before surgery, can bring benefits on glycemic and functional parameters, reduces hospitalization, and does not present aspiration risk of healthy patients undergoing elective surgery. Another nutrient that has been added to the carbohydrate solution and has shown promising results is glutamine. Conclusion : The abbreviation of preoperative fasting with enriched beverage with carbohydrates or carbohydrate and glutamine seems to be effective in the care of the surgical patient, optimizing the recovery from of postoperative period.

RESUMO Introdução : Considerando que a prática do jejum pré-operatório é baseada nas observações do retardo do esvaziamento gástrico após a indução anestésica e que o tempo deste jejum está intimamente ligado à resposta orgânica ao trauma, surge o questionamento acerca do período de jejum necessário para minimizar tal resposta e respaldar a atuação profissional em evidências clinicocientíficas. Objetivo : Revisar a abreviação do jejum pré-operatório, sob o ponto de vista metabólico, da fisiologia do esvaziamento gástrico, seus benefícios clínicos e recomendações atualmente vigentes. Método : A revisão foi baseada em artigos e guidelines publicados em inglês e português, sem restrição de tempo até janeiro de 2017, no PubMed, SciELO e Cochrane com os descritores: cirurgia, jejum pré-operatório, carboidrato. Do universo consultado 31 artigos foram selecionados. Resultados : A literatura aponta que a abreviação do jejum com bebida enriquecida com carboidratos até 2 h antes do procedimento cirúrgico pode trazer benefícios sobre parâmetros glicêmicos, funcionais, redução da hospitalização, além de não oferecer risco de broncoaspiração em indivíduos saudáveis submetidos à operações eletivas. Outro nutriente frequentemente adicionado a esta solução de carboidratos, com resultados promissores, é a glutamina. Conclusão : A abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com bebida enriquecida com carboidratos ou carboidratos e glutamina parece mostrar-se eficaz no cuidado ao paciente cirúrgico otimizando a recuperação do período pós-operatório.