Implantes cocleares: prioridad para niños con pérdida sensorial dual en Cuba / Cochlear implants: priority for children with dual sensory loss in Cuba

RESUMEN Fundamento: desde el año 2005 se crea el Programa Cubano de Implantes Cocleares para niños sordos y sordociegos, con prioridad para niños con pérdida sensorial dual. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la pérdida sensorial dual en niños del Programa Cubano de Implantes Cocleares. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de niños con pérdida sensorial dual que recibieron implante coclear entre febrero de 2005 y marzo de 2013 en Cuba. De las historias clínicas y la base de datos del programa fue obtenida la información que permitió elaborar el informe. Con antelación, se ilustran los primeros resultados sobre neuroplasticidad obtenidos con potencial evocado somatosensorial de nervio mediano realizado con parte del protocolo de estudio de investigación preimplante coclear en el Programa Cubano de Implantes Cocleares. Resultados: con el programa se han beneficiado 27 niños con pérdida sensorial dual con implantes cocleares, con cobertura a todas las provincias del país. Seis niños presentaron una enfermedad asociada, predominaron los factores pre/peri-natales y el síndrome de Usher como principales agentes causales de la sordoceguera. La pérdida auditiva fue prelocutiva en 24 niños, confirmada y caracterizada mediante electroaudiometría. Los estudios de imágenes de oídos no mostraron malformaciones. La implantación fue unilateral, sobre todo el oído derecho, sin complicaciones quirúrgicas en ninguno de los niños. Mientras que el estudio de neuroplasticidad evidencia reorganización cortical somestésica en niños con pérdida sensorial dual. Conclusiones: el Programa Cubano de Implantes Cocleares ha logrado un trabajo sostenido en la evaluación e implantación de niños con pérdida sensorial dual, distinguiéndose la investigación sobre neuroplasticidad, la cual ha dado evidencias de representación cortical somestésico preimplante coclear en estos niños. Ello será útil para evaluar la reorganización cortical post-implante coclear y correlacionarlo con el aprovechamiento del uso del implante coclear.

ABSTRACT Background : since 2005 the Cuban Cochlear Implant Program for deaf and deaf-blind children has been created, with priority for children with dual sensory loss. Objective: is to describe the work of the Cuban Cochlear Implant Program with children with dual sensory loss. Methods : a descriptive, retrospective study of children with dual sensory loss who received a cochlear implant between February 2005 and March 2013 in Cuba. The information to conform this descriptive report was obtained from the clinical histories and the database of the program; it also illustrates the first results on neuroplasticity obtained with the somatosensory evoked potential of the median nerve carried out with part of the pre-cochlear implant research study protocol in the Cuban Cochlear Implant Program. Results : the program has benefited 27 children with dual sensory loss with cochlear implants, covering all provinces of the country. Six children presented an associated pathology, with pre/peri-natal factors and Usher Syndrome as the main causal agents of deaf-blindness. Hearing loss was pre-lingual in 24 children, confirmed and characterized by electro-audiometry. No malformations were found in the ear images. The implantation was unilateral, mostly the right ear, without surgical complications in all the children. While the neuroplasticity study shows somesthetic cortical reorganization in children with dual sensory loss. Conclusions : the Cuban Cochlear Implant Program has achieved sustained work in the evaluation and implantation of children with dual sensory loss, a distinctive aspect being the research on neuroplasticity, which has provided evidence of somesthetic cortical representation pre-cochlear implantation in these children. This will be useful to assess cortical reorganization post- cochlear implant and correlate it with the use of the cochlear implant.

Calidad de vida en niños del Programa Cubano de Implantes Cocleares / Quality of life in children of the Cuban Cochlear Implant Program

RESUMEN Fundamento: los estudios publicados sobre los resultados del Programa Cubano de Implantes Cocleares hacen referencia a evaluaciones audiológicas y quirúrgicas, lo que carece de la dimensión que aportaría conocer, el impacto del programa en la calidad de vida de los niños implantados y familia. Objetivo: determinar el impacto del Programa Cubano de Implantes Cocleares en la calidad de vida de los niños implantados y su familia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal (pre- y post-implante coclear) a partir de la aplicación del cuestionario de calidad de vida del proyecto internacional pediátrico Cochlear paediatric implanted recipient observational study y la prueba de categorías del rendimiento auditivo, mediante un análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas. Resultados: el estudio evidencia que los implantes cocleares impactan en la familia y la calidad de vida de los niños, con mejora significativa tan temprano como seis meses post-implante coclear y mayores beneficios al año de implantados, respaldado por los hallazgos en la prueba de categorías del rendimiento auditivo, mientras que las expectativas de los padres se ajustan según avanza la rehabilitación post-implante coclear. Conclusiones: los implantes cocleares impactan en la calidad de vida del niño y su familia en la medida que avanza el programa de rehabilitación post-implante, al ajustarse a las expectativas de los padres o tutores, los cuales reportan cambios positivos en el desarrollo de las actividades diarias del niño, efecto sostenido en el tiempo.

ABSTRACT Background: the studies published on the results of the Cuban Cochlear Implants Program refer to audiological and surgical evaluations, lacking the dimension that knowing about the impact of cochlear implants on the quality of life of children and their family. Objective: to determine the impact in the Cuban Cochlear Implants Program on the quality of life of children and their family. Methods: it was carried out a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal study (pre- and post-cochlear implant) from the application of a quality of life questionnaire of the international pediatric project cochlear pediatric implanted recipient observational study and the categories auditory performance test, being applied an analysis of variance of repeated measures. Results: the study shows that cochlear implants impact on the quality of life of children and family, and improves significantly as early as six months post-cochlear implant, with greater benefits one year after implantation, supported by the findings of the categories auditory performance test. While parental expectations are adjusted as post-cochlear implant rehabilitation progresses. Conclusions: cochlear implants impact on the quality of life of the child and family with the post-implant rehabilitation program progresses, adjusting the expectations of the parents or child's guardian, who report positive changes in the development of their daily activities, a sustained effect in the time.

Autonomia e exercício de direitos na experiência da gestão autônoma da medicação / Autonomy and rights exercise in autonomous management of medication experience / Autonomía y ejercicio de derechos en la experiencia de la gestión autónoma de la medicación

Resumo O artigo investigou os efeitos de uso da versão brasileira do Guia da Gestão Autônoma da Medicação (GAM-BR) em grupos de intervenção em serviços públicos saúde mental. Objetiva-se analisar narrativas de usuários, psiquiatras e demais profissionais a partir da relação de cada um deles com a prescrição medicamentosa, mote do trabalho com o Guia. Participaram da pesquisa três CAPS do sul do país, integrantes da pesquisa multicêntrica GAM-BR. O áudio das falas produzidas nos grupos focais e nas entrevistas foi gravado, transcrito e transformado em narrativas por meio da extração dos núcleos argumentais. Os resultados apontam para a ampliação da concepção de autonomia e maior reconhecimento dos direitos dos usuários. Sugere, porém, dificuldades no exercício desses direitos, especialmente com relação ao tratamento medicamentoso, visto como condição para manutenção do vínculo com os serviços. Ressalta a importância de maior reflexão, tendo em vista a manutenção da lógica da escolha, privatizante e individualista, em detrimento da lógica do cuidado que valoriza o trabalho em rede e a corresponsabilização.

Abstract This article analyzed the effects of using the Brazilian version of the Autonomous Medication Management Guide (GAM-BR) in intervention groups in mental health services. Users, psychiatrists and other professionals' narratives were verified to check the relationship of each one with the prescription, the main principle of the guide. Three CAPS (mental health care services) from the south of the country have participated in this research, all members of the multicentric research GAM-BR. The material was audio-recorded, transcribed and transformed in narratives. The results show increase of the conception of autonomy and wider acknowledgment of users' rights. A broadening concept of users' autonomy and a greater recognition of their rights was observed. However, issues were found in the exercise of rights, especially regarding drug treatment, which was seen as a condition for their bond maintenance with services. Further reflection on this subject is emphasized, owing to maintaining the logic of choice, which focuses on privatization and individualism, instead of the care that enhances network and co-responsibility.

Resumen El artículo investiga los efectos de uso de la Guía de Gestión Autónoma de la Medicación (GAM-BR), versión brasileña, en grupos de intervención en servicios de salud mental. El objetivo fue analizar narrativas de usuarios, psiquiatras y otros profesionales a partir de su relación con la prescripción de medicamentos, principio del trabajo con la Guía. Participaron en la investigación tres CAPS (Centros de atención psicosocial) del Sur del país, todos miembros de la investigación multicéntrica acerca de la GAM. Todo el material de audio fue grabado, transcrito y transformado en narrativas por medio de la extracción de los núcleos de significación. Se señala la expansión de la noción de autonomía de los usuarios y un mayor reconocimiento de sus derechos. Se presentaron dificultades para avanzar en el ejercicio de esos derechos, especialmente en cuanto al tratamiento farmacológico, que todavía se ve como una condición a la manutención del vínculo con los servicios. Es necesaria una mayor reflexión acerca del tema, considerando la manutención de la lógica de la elección, privatizante e individualista, en lugar de una lógica del cuidado que valorice el trabajo en la red y la corresponsabilización.

Next generation sequencing of 11 HLA loci characterises a diverse UK cord blood bank.

The introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) for stem cell donor registry typing has contributed to faster identification of compatible stem cell donors. However, the successful search for a matched unrelated donor for some patient groups is still affected by their ethnicity. In this study, DNA samples from 714 National Health Service (NHS) Cord Blood Bank donors were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DRB345, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1 and -DPB1 by NGS. Analysis of the ethnic diversity showed a high level of diversity, with the cohort comprising of 62.3% European and 37.7% of either multi-ethnic or non-European donors, of which 12.3% were multi-ethnic. The HLA diversity was further confirmed using PyPop analysis, 405 distinct alleles were observed in the overall NHS-CBB cohort, of which 37 alleles are non-CWD, including A*31:14N, B*35:68:02, C*14:23 and DQA1*05:10. Furthermore, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DPA1 analysis showed 12% and 10%, respectively, of the alleles currently submitted to IMGT, confirming further diversity of the NHS-CBB cohort. The application of 11 HLA loci resolution by NGS revealed a high level of diversity in the NHS-CBB cohort. The incorporation of this data coupled with ethnicity data could lead to improved donor selection, contributing to better clinical outcomes for patients.

Analysis of Anti-RNA Polymerase III Antibody-positive Systemic Sclerosis and Altered GPATCH2L and CTNND2 Expression in Scleroderma Renal Crisis.

OBJECTIVE: Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is a life-threatening complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc) strongly associated with anti-RNA polymerase III antibody (ARA) autoantibodies. We investigated genetic susceptibility and altered protein expression in renal biopsy specimens in ARA-positive patients with SRC. METHODS: ARA-positive patients (n = 99) with at least 5 years' follow-up (49% with a history of SRC) were selected from a well characterized SSc cohort (n = 2254). Cases were genotyped using the Illumina Human Omni-express chip. Based on initial regression analysis, 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were chosen for validation in a separate cohort of 256 ARA-positive patients (40 with SRC). Immunostaining of tissue sections from SRC or control kidney was used to quantify expression of candidate proteins based upon genetic analysis of the discovery cohort. RESULTS: Analysis of 641,489 SNP suggested association of POU2F1 (rs2093658; P = 1.98 × 10-5), CTNND2 (rs1859082; P = 5.58 × 10-5), HECW2 (rs16849716; P = 1.2 × 10-4), and GPATCH2L (rs935332; P = 4.92 × 10-5) with SRC. Further, the validation cohort showed an association between rs935332 within the GPATCH2L region, with SRC (P = 0.025). Immunostaining of renal biopsy sections showed increased tubular expression of GPATCH2L (P = 0.026) and glomerular expression of CTNND2 (P = 0.026) in SRC samples (n = 8) compared with normal human kidney controls (n = 8), despite absence of any genetic replication for the associated SNP. CONCLUSION: Increased expression of 2 candidate proteins, GPATCH2L and CTNND2, in SRC compared with control kidney suggests a potential role in pathogenesis of SRC. For GPATCH2L, this may reflect genetic susceptibility in ARA-positive patients with SSc based upon 2 independent cohorts.

Next-generation HLA typing of 382 International Histocompatibility Working Group reference B-lymphoblastoid cell lines: Report from the 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop.

Extended molecular characterization of HLA genes in the IHWG reference B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs) was one of the major goals for the 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop (IHIW). Although reference B-LCLs have been examined extensively in previous workshops complete high-resolution typing was not completed for all the classical class I and class II HLA genes. To address this, we conducted a single-blind study where select panels of B-LCL genomic DNA samples were distributed to multiple laboratories for HLA genotyping by next-generation sequencing methods. Identical cell panels comprised of 24 and 346 samples were distributed and typed by at least four laboratories in order to derive accurate consensus HLA genotypes. Overall concordance rates calculated at both 2- and 4-field allele-level resolutions ranged from 90.4% to 100%. Concordance for the class I genes ranged from 91.7 to 100%, whereas concordance for class II genes was variable; the lowest observed at HLA-DRB3 (84.2%). At the maximum allele-resolution 78 B-LCLs were defined as homozygous for all 11 loci. We identified 11 novel exon polymorphisms in the entire cell panel. A comparison of the B-LCLs NGS HLA genotypes with the HLA genotypes catalogued in the IPD-IMGT/HLA Database Cell Repository, revealed an overall allele match at 68.4%. Typing discrepancies between the two datasets were mostly due to the lower-resolution historical typing methods resulting in incomplete HLA genotypes for some samples listed in the IPD-IMGT/HLA Database Cell Repository. Our approach of multiple-laboratory NGS HLA typing of the B-LCLs has provided accurate genotyping data. The data generated by the tremendous collaborative efforts of the 17th IHIW participants is useful for updating the current cell and sequence databases and will be a valuable resource for future studies.

Molecular Basis for Dysregulated Activation of NKX2-5 in the Vascular Remodeling of Systemic Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: NKX2-5 is a homeobox transcription factor that is required for the formation of the heart and vessels during development, with significant postnatal down-regulation and reactivation in disease states, characterized by vascular remodeling. The purpose of this study was to investigate mechanisms that activate NKX2-5 expression in diseased vessels, such as systemic sclerosis (scleroderma; SSc)-associated pulmonary hypertension (PH), and to identify genetic variability that potentially underlies susceptibility to specific vascular complications. METHODS: We explored NKX2-5 expression in biopsy samples from patients with SSc-associated PH and in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from patients with scleroderma. Disease-associated putative functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the NKX2-5 locus were cloned and studied in reporter gene assays. SNP function was further examined through protein-DNA binding assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and RNA silencing analyses. RESULTS: Increased NKX2-5 expression in biopsy samples from patients with SSc-associated PH was localized to remodeled vessels and PASMCs. Meta-analysis of 2 independent scleroderma cohorts revealed an association of rs3131917 with scleroderma (P = 0.029). We demonstrated that disease-associated SNPs are located in a novel functional enhancer, which increases NKX2-5 transcriptional activity through the binding of GATA-6, c-Jun, and myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C. We also characterized an activator/coactivator transcription-enhancer factor domain 1 (TEAD1)/Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) complex, which was bound at rs3095870, another functional SNP, with TEAD1 binding the risk allele and activating the transcription of NKX2-5. CONCLUSION: NKX2-5 is genetically associated with scleroderma, pulmonary hypertension, and fibrosis. Functional evidence revealed a regulatory mechanism that results in NKX2-5 transcriptional activation in PASMCs through the interaction of an upstream promoter and a novel downstream enhancer. This mechanism can act as a model for NKX2-5 activation in cardiovascular disease characterized by vascular remodeling.

Fighting cancer together: Development and implementation of shared medical appointments to standardize and improve chemotherapy education.

OBJECTIVE: Shared medical appointments offer a novel approach to improve efficiency and quality of care consistent with the goals of the Institute of Medicine. Our objective was to develop and implement a shared medical appointment for gynecologic cancer patients initiating chemotherapy. METHODS: We first assessed the level of interest in shared medical appointments among our patients and providers through qualitative interviews. Both patients and providers identified pre-chemotherapy as an optimal area to pilot shared medical appointments. We subsequently created a multidisciplinary team comprised of physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, pharmacists, administrators, health education specialists and members of the Quality Improvement Department to establish a Shared Medical Appointment and Readiness Teaching (SMART) program for all gynecologic oncology patients initiating chemotherapy with platinum- and/or taxane-based regimens. We developed a standardized chemotherapy education presentation and provided patients with a tool kit that consisted of chemotherapy drug education, a guide to managing side effects, advance directives, and center contact information. RESULTS: From May 9, 2014 to June 26, 2015, 144 patients participated in 51 SMART visits. The majority of patients had ovarian cancer and were treated with carboplatin/paclitaxel. Surveyed patients reported being highly satisfied with the group visit and would recommend shared medical appointments to other patients. CONCLUSIONS: This model of care provides patient education within a framework of social support that empowers patients. Shared medical appointments for oncology patients initiating chemotherapy are both feasible and well accepted.

Evaluación del efecto antitumoral del nimotuzumab combinado con radioquimioterapia en tumores de esófago / Evaluation of the antitumor effect of nimotuzumab combined with radiochemotherapy in treatment of esophageal tumors

Introducción: el cáncer de esófago en Cuba es una de las cinco primeras causas de muerte por tumores. El tratamiento incluye quimioterapia, radioterapia y cirugía, así como el descubrimiento de nuevos blancos potenciales para la inmunoterapia, entre los que se encuentra el receptor del Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico. El anticuerpo monoclonal cubano AcM HR3 (nimotuzumab) se estudia actualmente a nivel mundial. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del nimotuzumab combinado con radioquimioterapia en tumores de esófago inoperable en comparación con el tratamiento habitual en los pacientes atendidos por esta enfermedad en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, durante los meses de diciembre de 2005 a junio 2010. Método: se diseñó un estudio clínico controlado, aleatorizado, abierto con dos grupos de tratamiento, uno con Radioquimioterapia más Bioterapia y otro con Radioquimioterapia. La variable principal fue la respuesta clínica, con que clasifica la reducción del tumor, de acuerdo al criterio RECIST, en: remisión completa, remisión parcial, estabilización de la enfermedad y progresión. La toxicidad evaluó los eventos adversos que presentaron los pacientes en cada uno de los grupos de tratamiento. Resultados: en relación a la respuesta objetiva se obtuvo una mayor proporción en el grupo de nimotuzumab (88,9 por ciento) contra el grupo control (22,2 por ciento), con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos de 66,7 por ciento. Fueron frecuentes los eventos tos, insomnio, síntomas gastrointestinales y dolor retroesternal en el grupo tratado, mientras que en el grupo control las molestias gastrointestinales y la astenia fueron las de mayor aparición. Conclusiones: los pacientes tratados con nimotuzumab presentaron un mejor índice de respuesta objetiva y de control de la enfermedad y su administración fue segura al combinarse con la terapia establecida para el tratamiento del cáncer de esófago inoperable según las normas terapéuticas cubanas(AU)

Introduction: esophageal cancer in Cuba is one of the first five causes of death from tumors. The treatment includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery as well as the discovery of new potential targets for immunotherapy such as the epidermal growth factor receptor. The Cuban monoclonal antibody AcM HR3 (nimotuzumab) is studied at present internationally. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nimotuzumab combined with radiochemotherapy in inoperable esophageal tumors and to compare it with the ordinary treatment given to patients seen at Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital from December 2005 to June 2010. Method: open, controlled, randomized clinical study was designed for two groups of patients, one with radiochemotherapy plus biotherapy and the other one with radiochemotherapy. The main variable was the clinical response with which the tumor reduction is classified in accordance with the RECIST criteria: complete remission, partial remission, disease stabilization and progression. Toxicity tests evaluated the adverse events that occurred in patients of each of the groups. Results: regarding the objective response, a higher proportion was reached in the group with nimotuzumab (88,9 percent) against the control group (22,2 percent), with statistically significant difference between both groups of patients equal to 66,7 percent. Cough, insomnia, gastrointestinal problems and retrosternal pain were frequent in the treatment group whereas the control group suffered gastrointestinal disturbances and asthenia more frequently. Conclusions: the patients treated with nimotuzumab presented better index of objective response and of disease control and its administration was safe when combined with the set therapy for treatment of inoperable esophageal cancer in line with the Cuban therapeutic standards(AU)

Sitios clínicos, eslabón fundamental en la calidad de un ensayo clínico / Clinical sites, a fundamental pillar for the quality of a clinical assay

INTRODUCCIÓN: estudios realizados acerca de la prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial en Cuba, muestran valores entre un 20 y un 40 por ciento de la población adulta. En la actualidad se dispone de un amplio arsenal terapéutico para el tratamiento de esta afección y se conocen los criterios higiénico-sanitarios que permiten mantener los niveles arteriales dentro de la normalidad. La falta de adherencia a la pauta terapéutica es común en las enfermedades crónicas. En el caso de la hipertensión arterial, las cifras de no cumplidores alcanzan límites realmente preocupantes, cerca del 40 por ciento para el tratamiento farmacológico y entre el 60-90 por ciento en las medidas higiénico-dietéticas. El incumplimiento hace ineficaz el tratamiento prescripto, lo que ocasiona un aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad. OBJETIVO: evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento con antipertensivos en una muestra de pacientes hipertensos. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo. La muestra estuvo constituida por pacientes de un área de salud del municipio San Miguel del Padrón en La Habana, Cuba. La adherencia se midió empleando el testde Morinsky-Green-Levine, la frecuencia de adquisición del medicamento en farmacia y el control de la presión arterial. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, tipo de terapia y adherencia. RESULTADOS: predominaron los pacientes hipertensos del género femenino, del grupo correspondiente a las edades de 70 a 79 años, que emplean la politerapia principalmente. Resultaron adherentes y controlados solo el 30,4 por ciento de los casos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: se evidencia la necesidad de continuar la labor educativa del paciente hipertenso en esta comunidad, principalmente acerca de la importancia de la adherencia al tratamiento en la hipertensión arterial(AU)

INTRODUCTION: studies on the prevalence of hypertension in Cuba show figures ranging 20 to 40 percent of the adult population. At present, there is a wide therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of hypertension whereas health and hygiene criteria to maintain blood pressure levels within the normal range are known. The non-adherence to the therapeutic regimen is common in chronic diseases. As to blood hypertension, the numbers of noncompliant patients is a real concern since about 40 percent do not follow drug treatment and 60-90 percent of them do not comply with the hygiene and food requirements. Non-compliance makes the prescribed treatment ineffective leading to increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the adherence to antihypertensive treatment in a sample of hypertensive patients. METHODS: observational and descriptive study of a sample of patients from a health area of San Miguel del Padrón in Havana, Cuba, for which the test Morinsky-Green-Levine test, how frequent the drug is purchased at the drugstore and the blood pressure control were used to measure adherence to treatment. The study variables were age, sex, type of therapy and adherence. RESULTS: female hypertensive patients aged 70 to 79 years-old and using polytherapy in the main predominated. Just 30.4 percent of the studied cases adhered to their treatment and were under control. CONCLUSIONS: there is a real need of continuous educational work aimed at the hypertensive patient at the study community, mainly on the importance of adherence to treatment in hypertension(AU)

Immunochip analysis identifies multiple susceptibility loci for systemic sclerosis.

In this study, 1,833 systemic sclerosis (SSc) cases and 3,466 controls were genotyped with the Immunochip array. Classical alleles, amino acid residues, and SNPs across the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region were imputed and tested. These analyses resulted in a model composed of six polymorphic amino acid positions and seven SNPs that explained the observed significant associations in the region. In addition, a replication step comprising 4,017 SSc cases and 5,935 controls was carried out for several selected non-HLA variants, reaching a total of 5,850 cases and 9,401 controls of European ancestry. Following this strategy, we identified and validated three SSc risk loci, including DNASE1L3 at 3p14, the SCHIP1-IL12A locus at 3q25, and ATG5 at 6q21, as well as a suggested association of the TREH-DDX6 locus at 11q23. The associations of several previously reported SSc risk loci were validated and further refined, and the observed peak of association in PXK was related to DNASE1L3. Our study has increased the number of known genetic associations with SSc, provided further insight into the pleiotropic effects of shared autoimmune risk factors, and highlighted the power of dense mapping for detecting previously overlooked susceptibility loci.

La auditoría interna y la calidad de la documentación de los ensayos clínicos en Cuba / Internal auditing and the quality of clinical trial documentation in Cuba

Introducción: el Centro Nacional Coordinador de Ensayos Clínicos, garantiza la calidad de la documentación generada en los ensayos clínicos que realiza, con el uso de herramientas como la auditoria. Detecta y/o previene las dificultades, con lo que garantiza la toma de decisiones para eliminar las deficiencias y cumple así con los requisitos establecidos en las normativas nacionales e internacionales. Objetivo: mostrar las principales no conformidades o deficiencias detectadas en auditorías a documentación. Métodos: se analizaron las 29 auditorias realizadas a la documentación de los ensayos clínicos en el período desde el año 2007 hasta el 2011. Se extrajeron las no conformidades de los tres acápites que conforman el informe: revisión del completamiento de todos los capítulos, revisión de la calidad de la documentación que se está archivando y ordenamiento cronológico de la información. Resultados: las principales deficiencias se encontraron en el completamiento documental de los capítulos de la carpeta del ensayo; a su vez se detectaron informaciones desactualizadas o incompletas, así como documentos archivados fuera de lugar. Conclusiones: persisten deficiencias en la documentación que se genera durante el ensayo clínico, por lo que se incumplen de este modo con los requisitos establecidos en las Directrices sobre Buenas Prácticas Clínicas en Cuba emitidas por el Centro para el Control Estatal de los Medicamentos (CECMED) que se relacionan con el protocolo del ensayo(AU)

Introduction: the National Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials guarantees the quality of the documentation issued in clinical trials with the use of tools such as auditing. It detects and/or prevents difficulties, thus assuring decision-making to eliminate deficiencies and to fulfil the requirements of national and international regulations. Objective: to show the major nonconformities or deficiencies identified in audits of clinical trial documentation. Methods: an analysis of 29 audits of clinical trial documentation from 2007 to 2011. The nonconformities of the three sections that comprise the report were considered: review of the completion of each chapter, review of the quality of the filed documentation and chronological data arrangement. Results: the main weaknesses were found in the documentary completion of chapters in the clinical trial folder in addition to outdated or incomplete data and wrongly filed documents. Conclusions: there are still deficiencies in the documentation generated during the clinical trial, and consequently, there is non-compliance of the requirements of the Guidelines on Good Clinical Practices in Cuba issued by the Center for the State Control of Drugs (CECMED) and related to the trial protocol(AU)

Trans-ancestral studies fine map the SLE-susceptibility locus TNFSF4.

We previously established an 80 kb haplotype upstream of TNFSF4 as a susceptibility locus in the autoimmune disease SLE. SLE-associated alleles at this locus are associated with inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis and ischaemic stroke. In Europeans, the TNFSF4 causal variants have remained elusive due to strong linkage disequilibrium exhibited by alleles spanning the region. Using a trans-ancestral approach to fine-map the locus, utilising 17,900 SLE and control subjects including Amerindian/Hispanics (1348 cases, 717 controls), African-Americans (AA) (1529, 2048) and better powered cohorts of Europeans and East Asians, we find strong association of risk alleles in all ethnicities; the AA association replicates in African-American Gullah (152,122). The best evidence of association comes from two adjacent markers: rs2205960-T (P=1.71 × 10(-34) , OR=1.43[1.26-1.60]) and rs1234317-T (P=1.16 × 10(-28) , OR=1.38[1.24-1.54]). Inference of fine-scale recombination rates for all populations tested finds the 80 kb risk and non-risk haplotypes in all except African-Americans. In this population the decay of recombination equates to an 11 kb risk haplotype, anchored in the 5' region proximal to TNFSF4 and tagged by rs2205960-T after 1000 Genomes phase 1 (v3) imputation. Conditional regression analyses delineate the 5' risk signal to rs2205960-T and the independent non-risk signal to rs1234314-C. Our case-only and SLE-control cohorts demonstrate robust association of rs2205960-T with autoantibody production. The rs2205960-T is predicted to form part of a decameric motif which binds NF-κBp65 with increased affinity compared to rs2205960-G. ChIP-seq data also indicate NF-κB interaction with the DNA sequence at this position in LCL cells. Our research suggests association of rs2205960-T with SLE across multiple groups and an independent non-risk signal at rs1234314-C. rs2205960-T is associated with autoantibody production and lymphopenia. Our data confirm a global signal at TNFSF4 and a role for the expressed product at multiple stages of lymphocyte dysregulation during SLE pathogenesis. We confirm the validity of trans-ancestral mapping in a complex trait.

Vaginal health in contraceptive vaginal ring users - A review.

BACKGROUND: To provide an overview of the available data from clinical studies of vaginal conditions in women who use a vaginal ring as a contraceptive. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature. RESULTS: Millions of women have already used the ethylene vinyl acetate vaginal ring that releases ethinylestradiol and etonogestrel for contraception. Because of its small size, more than four out of five women using the ring report that they do not feel it, even during sexual intercourse. No colposcopic or cytological changes have been observed in users, although approximately 10% have increased vaginal discharge. While in vitro studies have shown adhesion of Candida yeasts to the vaginal ring surface, clinical studies have not demonstrated a greater incidence of Candida infections compared to users of equivalent oral contraceptives. Some clinical studies suggest a lower incidence of bacterial vaginosis. No interaction exists between concomitant use of the vaginal ring and other drugs or products for vaginal use. CONCLUSION: The use of a contraceptive vaginal ring does not alter the vaginal ecosystem and therefore does not substantially affect vaginal health.

Estrategia para la preparación de unidades de salud en buenas prácticas clínicas / Strategy for the preparation of health units for good clinical practices

Introducción: El entorno regulatorio mundial es cada vez más exigente para establecer, implementar y mantener el cumplimiento de las buenas prácticas clínicas (BPC). En Cuba, una respuesta necesaria derivada del desarrollo creciente de la industria farmacéutica y biotecnológica nacional fue la creación del Centro Nacional Coordinador de Ensayos Clínicos (CENCEC). Una de las misiones del CENCEC es preparar a las unidades-sitios clínicos seleccionados que realizan investigaciones clínicas, para su posterior certificación en BPC por la autoridad reguladora nacional, con la finalidad de avalar la calidad que corresponde al proceso de investigación clínica que redunda en una esmerada atención y protección al paciente objeto de estudio. Objetivo: Describir la estrategia del CENCEC para la preparación en BPC de los sitios clínicos seleccionados del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) que participan en ensayos clínicos. Métodos: Se revisan más de 250 documentos normativos emitidos por Europa, Estados Unidos, Japón y los países nórdicos relacionados con aspectos prácticos y éticos para la implementación de las BPC...

Background: The global regulatory environment is increasingly demanding to establish, implement, and maintain the compliance with Good Clinical Practices (GCP). In Cuba, The National Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (CENCEC) was created as a necessary response derived from the increasing development of the national pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry. One of the missions of the CENCEC is to prepare selected clinical units/sites that conduct clinical research for a further certification in GCP by the national regulatory authority in order to guarantee the quality that corresponds to the process of clinical research, resulting in a careful attention and protection of the patient under study. Objective: To describe the strategy of the CENCEC for the preparation of good clinical practices in the selected clinical sites of the National Health System (SNS) that participate in clinical trials. Methods: More than 250 regulatory documents issued by Europe, the United States, Japan and the Nordic countries, related to ethical and practical aspects for the implementation of good clinical practices, were reviewed...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in women with abnormal cervical cytology in the Basque Country, Spain.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cytologically abnormal cervical samples from 106 women living in a region of the north of Spain. METHODS: Cytological classification was reported according to the 2001 Bethesda System and HPV genotyping was performed by Roche Linear Array. RESULTS: The overall HPV prevalence was 69.8% with 30 different HPV genotypes detected. The prevalence of HR (high-risk) HPV types and pHR (probable high-risk) HPV types in positive samples was 94.3%, 78.1% and 100% in patients with ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL/CC, respectively, with no significant differences. The most frequent type was the HPV 16, present in 29.7% of all positive samples, followed by HPV 51 (17.5%), HPV 53 and 42 (16%), HPV 52 (12%), HPV 39 (10.8%), HPV 18 and 58 (9.4%) and HPV 66 (8.1%). No significant differences in the percentage of any HPV genotype with the grade of the cytological lesion were detected. The prevalence of HPV co-infection was 58.1% of HPV positive. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high prevalence of high-risk genotypes in women with abnormal cytology living in our geographical area. This information may be useful for the formulation of algorithms for patient management according to the different risks associated with specific high-risk genotypes.

Armonización de estándares de calidad para ensayos clínicos: Norma ISO 9001-Guía de Buena Práctica Clínica / Harmonization of quality standards for clinical trials. ISO-9001 standard and Guide of Good Clinical Practice

El proceso de ensayo clínico necesario para autorizar el uso de nuevos medicamentos en humanos es extenso y complejo. Para garantizar la calidad y estandarizar este proceso, la Conferencia Internacional de Armonización ha establecido la Guía E6 para la Buena Práctica Clínica, la cual ha sido asumida y adaptada por las agencias reguladoras nacionales para estandarizar este proceso en sus países. Otra norma que permite garantizar calidad es la ISO 9001:2008, que establece requisitos para implementar Sistema de Gestión de Calidad. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en establecer elementos comunes que demuestren la armonización entre la Buena Práctica Clínica de la Conferencia Internacional de Armonización, la Buena Práctica Clínica cubana y la ISO 9001:2008 para su implementación en sistemas de calidad para los ensayos clínicos. Para ello se realizó el estudio de estos estándares analizando qué tienen en común en su aplicación para el proceso de ensayo clínico. Se determinó que el cliente, los proveedores, el enfoque de proceso, la documentación, la dirección, las revisiones, la forma de realización de la investigación y la mejora de la calidad son puntos comunes para los cuales se establecen requisitos a cumplir. Esto permitió afirmar que los estándares estudiados al ser usados de conjunto en el proceso de ensayo clínico, contribuyen a elevar la calidad, pues no existe ningún aspecto contemplado en ellos que refleje contradicción sino aspectos comunes que permiten su armonización y uso

A clinical trial is an extensive, complex and necessary process to authorize the use of new medications in humans. For the purpose of assuring the quality and the standardization of this process, the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) set the Guideline E6 for Good Clinical Practice, which has been adopted and adapted by the national regulatory agencies. There also exists another standard to guarantee quality in the organizations, namely the ISO 9001:2008 that establishes requirements for Quality Management System. The objective of this paper was to determine common elements showing the harmonization among the Good Clinical Practice of the ICH, the Cuban one and the ISO 9001:2008 in order that they can be implemented in the clinical trials. To this end, one study was performed on the Good Clinical Practice of the ICH, the Cuban and the ISO 9001:2008 standards to find out what they had in common in their use for the clinical trials. It was determined that the clients, the suppliers, the process approach, the documentation, the management, the reviews, the style of conducting the research studies and the quality improvement were common aspects for which there are several requirements set by these standards. The aforementioned allowed stating that the joint use of the studied standards in the clinical trial contributes to raise the quality, since there is not a single aspect that reveals any contradiction whatsoever; there are common aspects that make their harmonization and use possible

Dense mapping of IL18 shows no association in SLE.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease which behaves as a complex genetic trait. At least 20 SLE risk susceptibility loci have been mapped using both candidate gene and genome-wide association strategies. The gene encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL18, has been reported as a candidate gene showing an association with SLE. This pleiotropic cytokine is expressed in a range of immune cells and has been shown to induce interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. Serum interleukin-18 has been reported to be elevated in patients with SLE. Here we aimed to densely map single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across IL18 to investigate the association across this locus. We genotyped 36 across IL18 by Illumina bead express in 372 UK SLE trios. We also genotyped these SNPs in a further 508 non-trio UK cases and were able to accurately impute a dense marker set across IL18 in WTCCC2 controls with a total of 258 SNPs. To improve the study's power, we also imputed a total of 158 SNPs across the IL18 locus using data from an SLE genome-wide association study and performed association testing. In total, we analysed 1818 cases and 10 770 controls in this study. Our large well-powered study (98% to detect odds ratio = 1.5, with respect to rs360719) showed that no individual SNP or haplotype was associated with SLE in any of the cohorts studied. We conclude that we were unable to replicate the SLE association with rs360719 located upstream of IL18. No evidence for association with any other common variant at IL18 with SLE was found.

Mercado farmacéutico en México: tamaño, valor y concentración / The pharmaceutical market in Mexico: size, value, and concentration

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el mercado de medicamentos de México en cuanto a su tamaño, organización, poder de mercado de las empresas y capacidad de negociación de los consumidores. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo a partir de los datos de los Censos Económicos de 2004 y los informes de Intercontinental Marketing Services. Se obtuvieron los montos y volúmenes de ventas de las empresas del sector farmacéutico mexicano de 2002 a 2005 y se calcularon el índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (IHH) y su inverso como indicadores del grado de concentración del mercado, así como la elasticidad del precio por un producto índice. RESULTADOS: El valor total de los productos elaborados por el sector farmacéutico fue de 115 mil millones en pesos de 2006, de los que 99,0 por ciento correspondió a las empresas clasificadas como grandes. Este monto representó 1,2 por ciento del producto interno bruto nacional de ese año (20,0 por ciento de la participación del sector salud, estimada en 6,0 por ciento) y 3,9 por ciento del valor de los productos de manufactura. El IHH del mercado farmacéutico mexicano en el período analizado fue de alrededor de 0,04, aunque con una reducción sostenida, y su inverso se redujo de 23 a 26. La elasticidad del precio de los productos farmacéuticos entre 2003 y 2005 fue mínima (0,007, 0,003 y -0,002). CONCLUSIONES: Este trabajo constituye una primera caracterización del mercado farmacéutico mexicano, uno de los sectores más dinámicos de la economía nacional. Se comprobó que se trata de un mercado oligopólico e inelástico, por lo que se justifica la creación de mecanismos regulatorios más sólidos que reduzcan el poder de los productores en favor de los consumidores.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the pharmaceutical drug market in Mexico in terms of its size, structure, business' market power, and consumer negotiating power. METHODS: A descriptive study based on data from the 2004 Economics Census and the reports of IMS Health, Inc. (Norwalk, Connecticut, United States of America). Sales amounts and volumes of Mexico's pharmaceutical companies from 2002-2005 were obtained and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and its inverse were calculated as indicators of the market's degree of concentration; also, price elasticity was determined by a product index. RESULTS: The total value of the products manufactured by the pharmaceutical sector was 115 billion in 2006 Mexican pesos, of which 99 percent pertained to companies categorized as large. This amount constituted 1.2 percent of the national gross domestic product that year (20.0 percent of the health sector's portion, estimated to be 6.0 percent) and 3.9 percent of the total value of manufactured goods. The HHI of Mexico's pharmaceutical market during the study period was about 0.04, albeit with a steady decline, and its inverse decreased from 23 to 26. The price elasticity of pharmaceutical products was minimal (0.007, 0.003, and -0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study constitutes a preliminary description of Mexico's pharmaceutical market, one of the country's most dynamic economic sectors. It confirmed that the market is a rigid oligopoly, and thus supports enactment of firmer regulatory tools to reduce the power of the manufacturers in favor of that of the consumers.