RESUMO
mTORC2 phosphorylates AKT in a hydrophobic motif site that is a biomarker of insulin sensitivity. In brown adipocytes, mTORC2 regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, however the mechanism has been unclear because downstream AKT signaling appears unaffected by mTORC2 loss. Here, by applying immunoblotting, targeted phosphoproteomics and metabolite profiling, we identify ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) as a distinctly mTORC2-sensitive AKT substrate in brown preadipocytes. mTORC2 appears dispensable for most other AKT actions examined, indicating a previously unappreciated selectivity in mTORC2-AKT signaling. Rescue experiments suggest brown preadipocytes require the mTORC2/AKT/ACLY pathway to induce PPAR-gamma and establish the epigenetic landscape during differentiation. Evidence in mature brown adipocytes also suggests mTORC2 acts through ACLY to increase carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) activity, histone acetylation, and gluco-lipogenic gene expression. Substrate utilization studies additionally implicate mTORC2 in promoting acetyl-CoA synthesis from acetate through acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2). These data suggest that a principal mTORC2 action is controlling nuclear-cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthesis.
Assuntos
ATP Citrato (pro-S)-Liase/metabolismo , Adipócitos Marrons/metabolismo , Lipogênese/fisiologia , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 2 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Acetato-CoA Ligase/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte , Epigênese Genética , Ácido Graxo Sintases , Edição de Genes , Expressão Gênica , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/genética , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipogênese/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteômica , Elementos de RespostaRESUMO
Small molecule inhibitors that selectively target cancer cells and not normal cells would be valuable anti-cancer therapeutics. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is emerging as a promising candidate target for such an inhibitor. Recent studies in cancer biology indicate that mTORC2 activity is essential for the transformation and vitality of a number of cancer cell types, but in many normal cells, mTORC2 activity is less essential. These studies are intensifying interest in developing inhibitors that specifically target mTORC2. However, there are many open questions regarding the function and regulation of mTORC2 and its function in both normal and cancer cells. Here, we summarize exciting new research into the biology of mTORC2 signaling and highlight the current state and future prospects for mTOR-targeted therapy.