Cleidocranial dysplasia associated with dentigerous cyst-review of literature and case report of two siblings.

ABSTRACT: Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a developmental anomaly of the skeleton and teeth which may be inherited, be transmitted as dominant characteristics in either male or female or even appear spontaneously. A case was reported in the department of oral medicine and radiology of two sisters age 17 and 19 years old with a chief complaint of milk teeth not falling since childhood. They presented specific physical and oral findings in common which suggested the idea of an undiagnosed syndrome. The sisters showed CCD characteristics including short stature (4 feet) and frontal bone resorption indicating delayed closure of fontanels. The stature is moderately shortened with the neck appearing long and narrow and the shoulders markedly dropped. Dental abnormalities such as retention of primary dentition, multiple supernumerary teeth, and delayed eruption of permanent dentition. OPG showed the presence of multiple impacted permanent and supernumerary teeth with radiolucency involving the crowns of impacted teeth revealing a cystic lesion. Lateral cephalogram also revealed the presence of multiple impacted teeth. The provisional diagnosis of CCD with dentigerous cyst was given. The enucleation of cyst was done and submitted for histopathological examination. Histopathologically, the soft tissue section suggested the features of dentigerous cyst. The final diagnosis of CCD associated with dentigerous cyst was confirmed.

Design, synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant studies, DFT, thermal and molecular docking evaluation of biocompatible Co(II) complexes of N4O4-macrocyclic ligands.

Bioactive cobalt (II) macrocyclic complexes [Co(N4O4ML1)Cl2]-[Co(N4O4ML3)Cl2] have been synthesized by using the macrocyclic ligands [N4O4ML1], [N4O4ML2], and [N4O4ML3] that have an N4O4 core. These three macrocyclic ligands were all isolated in pure form, together with their complexes. Microanalytical investigations, FT-IR NMR, Mass, magnetic moments, electronic, PXRD, TGA, and EPR spectrum studies were used to analyse their structures. For these complexes, an octahedral geometry is proposed for the metal ion. By using molecular weights and conductivity measurements the monomeric and non-electrolytic nature has been confirmed. The Coats-Redfern and FWO methods are used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of the ligands and their Co(II) complexes. The molecular modelling using the DFT technique displays the bond angle, bond lengths and quantum chemical properties. To determine their ability to prevent the growth of harmful fungus and bacteria, the ligands [N4O4ML1]- [N4O4ML3] and their complexes were tested in vitro against A. Niger, C. albicans and B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhi fungal and bacterial organisms, respectively. By using DPPH free radical scavenger assays, the in vitro antioxidant capabilities of each compound were evaluated. The [Co(N4O4ML3)Cl2] antioxidative capabilities revealed significant radical scavenging power. The MTT assay was used to assess the toxicity of all the synthesised compounds under inquiry on MCF-7, HeLa, and A549 cancer cells. The findings revealed that the ligand and the compounds gave outstanding IC50 values in the range of 9.07-36.25 (uM) at a concentration of 25 ppm. Among all the substances evaluated, [Co(N4O4ML3)Cl2] complex was discovered to be the most active and least cytotoxic. Additionally, docking investigations of the produced compounds were carried out in order to validate the biological outcomes.

Neglected extensive Aspergillus osteomyelitis of the pelvis, femur, and vertebra in an immunocompetent patient: A case report.

De novo Aspergillus infections of the appendicular skeleton are rare. A 72-year-old female presented with pain and deformity in her left lower limb and an inability to bear weight that had persisted for the last six months. A femur biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of extensive Aspergillus osteomyelitis, and the patient was treated with amphotericin B and oral voriconazole. The patient died of COVID-19 after 2.5 months of treatment. A diagnosis of Aspergillus osteomyelitis may be delayed because of its varied clinical presentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first known case of de novo neglected and extensive (multisite, multibone) Aspergillus osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient. This case highlights the importance of awareness in patients and treating physicians of this rare infection and its early diagnosis to prevent extensive spread.

Analysis of the Variations in the Morphology, Topography of the Pterion, and Their Implications in Neurosurgery: An Osteometric Study.

Objective Pterion is an "H" shaped formation of sutures located in the temporal fossa of the skull. It is an important anatomical landmark and a craniometric point. The thinness of the skull and its inner relation with the middle meningeal artery make this anatomical landmark clinically significant. Variations in the pterion are imperative, especially for neurosurgeons in order to have the most suitable craniometric point to be minimally invasive. Materials and Methods One hundred pterions were studied to report the variations in the type and location of the pterion. Murphy's classification was used to classify the pterion into four types on the basis of bone articulation-sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate, and epipteric. Results All four types of pterions were observed, sphenoparietal being the most common. No significant gender difference was observed in terms of type and laterality of various pterions. The mean distance between the center of pterion to the superolateral point of zygomaticotemporal (PZT) suture and the anterolateral point of the frontozygomatic (PFZ) suture were 3.91 ± 3.79 cm and 3.68 ± 3.79 mm, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relation between PZT and PFZ sutures. Conclusion Accurate data on the morphology and morphometry of bony anatomical points are crucial, while performing intracranial surgery using them as recognizable landmarks. The morphometric parameters may help in determining the soundness of the pterion as an identifiable landmark for performing interventions like burr hole and other neurosurgical procedures in this area.

Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of prostate: A rare case report and review of literature.

Primary signet ring cell carcinoma (PSRCC) of the prostate is an extremely rare variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma. A PubMed search of the English language literature from January 2000 to June 2020 using the keywords "signet ring cell carcinoma" and "prostate," identified 20 cases of PSRCC of the prostate. On the basis of the combined data from this study and the literature review, 21 such patients were evaluated for clinical characteristics, histologic diagnoses, special and immunohistochemical staining, and treatment. The mean age at the diagnosis was 68.47 years (range 50-85 years). The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels varied from 0.19 to 6658 ng/mL, with a mean of 509.15 ng/mL. Most (50%) presented with Stage 3 cancer. The most common Gleason grade group was 5 (Gleason score 9 to 10), seen in 61.5%. The extent of signet ring cell involvement of the specimen when reported was documented as more than 20% of the tumor-containing signet ring cells, with a range of 25%-90%. For pathologic diagnosis, the most common special stains performed were periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue, and among the immunohistochemical stains, the most common were PSA, CK20, and prostate-specific acid phosphatase. A detailed clinicoradiological and pathological workup is essential to rule out primary from other common sites, in view of its grave prognosis and lack of an established treatment protocol.

Repositioning the existing drugs for neuroinflammation: a fusion of computational approach and biological validation to counter the Parkinson's disease progression.

Parkinson's disease is caused by the deficiency of striatal dopamine and the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Neuroinflammation associated with oxidative stress is a key factor contributing to the death of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc and advancement of Parkinson's disease. Two molecular targets, i.e., nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-kB) and α-synuclein play a substantial role in neuroinflammation progression. Therefore, the compounds targeting these neuroinflammatory targets hold a great potential to combat Parkinson's disease. Thereby, in this study, molecular docking and Connectivity Map (CMap) based gene expression profiling was utilized to reposition the approved drugs as neuroprotective agents for Parkinson's disease. With in silico screening, two drugs namely theophylline and propylthiouracil were selected for anti-neuroinflammatory activity evaluation in in vivo models of chronic neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammatory effect of the identified compounds was confirmed by quantifying the expression of three important neuroinflammatory mediators, i.e. IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta on brain tissue using ELISA assay. The ELISA experiment demonstrated that both compounds significantly decreased the expression of neuroinflammatory mediators, highlighting the compounds' potential in neuroinflammation management. Furthermore, the drug and disease interaction network of the two identified drugs and diseases (neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease) suggested that the two drugs might interact with various targets namely adenosine receptors, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and thyroid peroxidase through multiple pathways associated with neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease. Computational studies suggest that a particular drug may be effective in managing Parkinson's disease associated with neuroinflammation. However, further research is needed to confirm this in biological experiments.

Scar endometriosis: the menace of surgery.

Caesarean scar endometriosis (CSE) is a rare type of abdominal wall endometriosis and is frequently missed on initial presentation. A case of CSE diagnosed and treated by surgical excision is presented. Although rare, CSE should be considered a possibility in the differential diagnoses of pain and mass at scar site.

Fluorescence by self-assembly: autofluorescent peptide vesicles and fibers.

A series of oxidized cysteinyl peptides ([P-Cys-X-OMe]2; P = Boc or H; X = Trp or Glu) showed vesicular and fibrillar assemblies. The anatomy of the self-assembled vesicles from the water-soluble cystine peptide [Cys-Trp-OMe]2 (1a) has been investigated by using various fluorescent probes such as ammonium 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate, Nile Red and pyrene. The morphological characterization was carried out by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and super resolution-structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) utilizing the autofluorescence of the vesicles stemming from the self-assembly. The self-assembled structures are also observed in solution as evident from the quantitative phase images obtained using a dual-mode digital holographic microscope (DHM) system. Present investigations show that the self-assembly is enthalpy- and entropy-driven in the aqueous medium. Based on the CD spectral studies, we proposed that 1a organizes into vesicles through the sequestration of indole units. We observed that the solutions of dipeptides 1a-b exhibit autofluorescence in the blue region upon excitation at a wavelength >350 nm. Detailed spectroscopic studies on the peptides lacking tryptophan 2a-b unequivocally showed that the autofluorescence stems exclusively from peptide aggregation. Our experimental results with appropriate controls revealed that the clustering of carbonyl chromophores is central to autofluorescence. Autofluorescence was also used to probe the vesicle formation without using any external fluorescent probe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on autofluorescent vesicles formed by the spontaneous association of dipeptides. We also found that the vesicles formed by 1a can act as a host for guests like C60. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of these peptides along with the autofluorescent nature and guest binding ability of peptide-based vesicles offer numerous applications in the biomedical area.

Low Grade Intraductal Carcinoma of Palate: An Extremely Rare Entity with Review of Literature.

Low-grade intraductal carcinoma (LG-IDC) is the new World Health Organization designation for tumors previously called "low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma" and "low-grade salivary duct carcinoma". LG-IDC is a rare low grade malignant salivary gland neoplasm. A 56-year old woman presented with a painless swelling on the right posterior part of palate of 2 months duration. Radiographic examination revealed heterogenously enhancing soft tissue mass on right side of palate. A provisional diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma was executed and local excision was done. The tumor had a typical feature of intraductal growth pattern composed of low grade ductal epithelial cells with cribriform and micropapillary patterns forming true "Roman bridges". Immunohistochemically myoepithelial cells displayed p63 around all tumor islands. The case was diagnosed as LG-IDC. LG-IDC is an extremely rare entity and awareness of this entity is important to avoid erroneous diagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

Worst pattern of invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma is an independent prognostic factor.

Introduction: Biologic aggressiveness of OSCC (Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma), has intrigued research in various prognosticating histopathological markers over past few decades. DOI (Depth of Invasion) is one such histopathological factor which affects outcomes and was included in the AJCC 8th edition TNM staging. Pattern of Invasion (POI) has been widely reported as an adverse prognostic factor associated with higher locoregional failure and poor prognosis. However, these factors are not utilized for treatment decision making and for outcome assessment. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 320 patients with OSCC who underwent treatment, from October 2018-February 2020. Clinic demographic details were extracted from electronic medical records. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done for the parameters. WPOI (Worst Pattern of Invasion) was correlated with all histopathological prognostic factors. Survival analysis was done using Kaplan Meier for WPOI type's I-V. DFS (Disease free Survival) was evaluated for different grades of WPOI. Results: We analyzed the results comparing, early and advanced T (Tumor) stages, cohesive WPOI I-III, non-cohesive WPOI IV-V. Univariate analysis showed a significant association of T-stage (p = 0.001), N (Nodal) -stage (p = 0.002), DOI (p = 0.008), PNI (Peri-neural invasion) (0.001) and Tumor differentiation Grade (p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, non-cohesive WPOI (IV & V) showed significant association with grade, PNI, DOI (0.002, 0.033 & 0.033 respectively). Non-cohesive WPOI had significantly higher locoregional failures and short DFS. Conclusion: Presence of invasive WPOI is associated with advanced T stage, poor differentiation, PNI, greater depth of invasion, and higher chances of nodal metastasis. WPOI is associated with poor DFS, treatment intensification in early stage disease with WPOI type IV & V may improve survival.

Transposition nasolabial flap: A versatile flap for sensate reconstruction of lip defects.

INTRODUCTION: Lip reconstruction aims at maintaining the function and aesthetics of the facial subunits. Sensation in the reconstructed lip helps in bolus formation, tactile discrimination, and thermal sensation. In this study, we aim to describe random pattern nasolabial flap for lip reconstruction using various functional parameters. METHODOLOGY: This is a retrospective study of 22 patients with carcinoma lip who underwent surgical resection and reconstruction with sensate nasolabial flap. Several clinicopathological parameters were studied. Outcome parameters like oral competence, tactile sensation, thermal sensitivity of reconstructed lip and speech outcomes were evaluated. RESULT: A functional outcome with 2-4 mm of two-point discrimination was obtained in 19 patients. All patients had intelligible speech. A mean sulcus depth of 19.59 mm was achieved. One patient had partial flap loss owing to wound infection. CONCLUSION: Random pattern senate nasolabial flap offers a good functional outcome by maintaining the tactile and thermal sensitivity.

Left Adrenal Gland Sampling Through Transesophageal Bronchoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-B FNA): A New Route and a New Challenge.

Metastasis to adrenal glands from primary pulmonary carcinoma is quite a common occurrence. In most cases, the diagnosis is made based on an imaging evaluation done because of chronic non-specific pulmonary symptoms. Further evaluation to determine the type of carcinoma is done using histopathological evaluation of the primary lung lesion. Here, we have described a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with chest pain and was incidentally detected with a lower lung mass and a bulky left adrenal gland in the upper abdominal cuts on a CT of the thorax. As the evaluation of the fine needle aspiration (FNA) sample from lung lesion couldn't be successfully performed, sampling from the left adrenal gland was attempted under the guidance of conventional endoscopic ultrasound using an endobronchial ultrasound probe (EUS-B). When the technique failed to localise the left adrenal gland, a modification was made and the gland was localised using the spleen as a marker. This case further presented a challenge, when due to the unfolding of rugae, the FNA needle wasn't able to reach up to the left adrenal gland. Further adjustment was made and the maximum depth of the gland from the margin was measured and the needle was fully freed. Multiple jabs were made and sampling was successfully done. Cellblock confirmed the presence of adenocarcinoma of pulmonary origin, positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1). The patient remained stable and did not present with any early or late post-procedural complications. The patient was started on appropriate chemotherapy for the disease. He has received three cycles of carboplatin and pemetrexed till now and is doing well.

Association between Long Term Exposure to Air Pollution, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Prevalence of Diabetes.

Air pollution exposure have been shown to adversely impact health through a number of biological pathways, and is also associated with glucose metabolism. There are few studies that evaluated the associations between air pollution and fasting blood sugar and HbA1C levels. But no such study occurred in Indian population. Hence to address this knowledge gap, we investigated the associations between air borne fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), nitrogen di-oxide and glucose metabolism in a tertiary care center in north western rajasthan. MATERIAL: We performed cross-sectional analysis in 3457 participants between 30 to 70 years of age group from five different urban and rural areas of Bikaner district. Air pollution concentration of multiple air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5andNitogen dioxide) were estimated by ambient air quality standard method by respiratory dust sampler. Diabetes was defined based on self reported diagnosis, medication prescription, oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1C. We adjusted for potential confounders including socio-economic status, smoking habits, alcohol consumtion, physical activity and Body Mass Index (BMI) by using logistic regression method. OBSERVATION: After adjustment for potential confounders, air pollutants PM10, NO2, except PM2.5 were associated with diabetes prevalence. The prevalence of diabetes was 8.93% and the mean HbA1C was 8.67±1.16, where as the concentration of PM10 was 156.12 mcg/m3, NO2 was 5.43 mcg/m3 and PM2.5 was 25.36 mcg/m3. The prevalence of IFG, IGT and diabetes increases with increased concentration of air pollutants. By applying Pearson's co-relation for air pollutants the 'r' value of PM10was 0.163, p value < 0.001, for PM2.5 'r' value was 0.001 and p value 0.965, for NO2 'r' value was 0.149 and p value was 0.001 respectively. By applying step wise logistic regression analysis, air pollutants PM10 (Odd Ratio 0.002, 95% CI 0.002;0.003) and by adding duration of exposure to air pollutants (Odd ratio 0.003,95%CI 0.001,0.005) by adding PM2.5 air pollutant (odd ratio 0.028,95%CI -0.042,-0.015) and by adding NO2 (odd ratio 0.140,95% CI 0.104,0.175). CONCLUSION: long term air pollution exposure was associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study can be used as a good evidence that air pollution is an important and manageable risk factor for diabetes hence awareness about air pollution in the society and at government level is much needed.

The Medial Sural Artery Perforator Free Flap: A Novel, yet Challenging and Versatile Flap for Head and Neck Reconstruction.

Background In head and neck reconstruction, especially after cancer ablation, choosing the best flap is critical. Due to its thin, lengthy, and malleable vascular pedicle as well as low donor site morbidity, the medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) free flap is gaining popularity among reconstructive surgeons, particularly in oral soft-tissue reconstructions. The goal of this study was to record the clinical use of an MSAP flap in the repair of post-oncologic lesions in the head and neck region. Methodology Patients with oral cancer who came to our center after ablative surgery on the buccal mucosa, tongue, floor of the mouth, and hard palate were repaired utilizing the MSAP flap. Preoperatively, the perforators were discovered using an 8 MHz portable doppler and a computed tomography angiogram. Without the use of a tourniquet, the flaps were delineated and harvested. In all of our patients, a single venous anastomosis was sufficient. Results The MSAP flap was used to positively rebuild 14 cancer patients, with the flap design based on the amount of the resection site or defect. The buccal mucosa (n = 7) and tongue (n = 6) were the most common subsites of the ablative defect. The average flap size was 12 × 6 cm, with a thickness of 5-7 mm. In eight cases, the donor site defect was mostly closed, with the remaining patients receiving split-thickness grafts for subsequent healing. In 12 cases, the best cosmetic and functional results were obtained. One patient developed a postoperative wound infection, and the flap could not be saved. Another patient developed a neck hematoma which had to be debrided on the second postoperative day, with good results. In primary closure cases, patients were mobilized with full weight-bearing on the first postoperative day. Conclusions MSAP flap is an alternative to radial forearm free flap and anterolateral thigh flap in obese patients with medium-sized oral abnormalities. This flap stands out as an outstanding option for head and neck soft-tissue reconstruction due to its unique mix of flap thinness, greater skin region, and superior donor site cosmesis. Despite its importance, just a few case studies and reports have been published. A multicenter trial with a high sample size would demonstrate the use of this flap and its chimeric designs.

Accidentally lodged airgun pellet in maxilla during childhood play retrieved surgically after a decade.

Non-powder firearm-related injuries to the head and neck carry the potential risk of significant morbidity and mortality. Such penetrating injuries tend to be under-reported and trivialised especially in children. Air gun pellet injury may cause damage to both soft tissue and bone. Some metals, when embedded in body tissue, can evoke a foreign body reaction or release toxins over time. It therefore becomes imperative to retrieve these pellets. We present one such case of accidental lodgement of airgun pellet in the right maxilla of a 12-year-old boy during childhood play with an airgun which went unnoticed at that time and was surgically retrieved after a decade. The patient had not suffered from any neurosensory deficit.

Non-syndromic double upper lip with triple frena: cosmetic cheiloplasty.

Double lip or macrocheilitis is a rare facial anomaly, mostly congenital in origin. It commonly involves the upper lip than the lower lip. It may occur in isolation or as part of the Ascher's syndrome. It results due to deposition of excessive areolar tissue and non-inflammatory hyperplasia of labial mucosa gland of pars villosa. It may be acquired as a result of injury to the lips or lip-biting habit. The double lip becomes conspicuous when the lips are retracted during smiling resulting in the characteristic 'cupid's bow' appearance. This disfigurement can pose aesthetic and functional problems and may result in psychological distress. A surgical intervention is must for restoration of functions and to address the aesthetic concerns. The present article reports a case of non-syndromic double upper lip with triple labial frena and its surgical management with laser on one side and with scalpel on the other side.

Classic Eagle's Syndrome: Styloidectomy via the Transcervical Approach.

Eagle's syndrome was first described by Watt Eagle in 1937, as a syndrome of vague orofacial and cervical pain. He reported two variants, classic styloid and stylocarotid artery syndrome. Eagle's syndrome is a non-perceived and underdiagnosed clinical condition of the head and neck. This anomalous entity presents with neck pain, globus sensation, difficulty in turning the head, dysphagia, odynophagia and various other symptoms occurring as a result of irritation to the nearby structures. The surgical management of Eagle's syndrome consists of two major approaches: the transoral and the transcervical approaches. We report a case of classic bilateral elongated styloid process syndrome, treated with transcervical styloidectomy for painful left elongated styloid process. This gave permanent relief to the patient. The transcervical surgical approach for resection of elongated styloid process in patients with Eagle's syndrome appears to be safe and effective, although the risk for transient marginal mandibular nerve weakness is notable.

Primary angiosarcoma of the oral cavity in a young adult.

Angiosarcoma is a rare neoplasm, constituting only 2% of all the soft tissue tumors and most frequently involves the skin of the head and neck region in elderly males. They are extremely aggressive tumors with high rates of metastasis and poor outcomes. We report a unique case of angiosarcoma involving an unusual site - upper alveolus and maxilla in a young patient highlighting the diagnostic challenges in such a scenario. A 29 years old female presented with a non-healing wound of the oral cavity, which had progressed to the current maximum size of 6.4 cm within one month. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed the involvement of maxilla up to the floor of the orbit and adjacent soft tissue. However, no distant metastasis was detected on Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan. Biopsy of the lesion showed an irregular, highly pleomorphic, and mitotically active epithelioid soft tissue tumor conclusively diagnosed as angiosarcoma.

Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Thin Films for Ultrahigh CO2 Gas Sensing Performance at Room Temperature.

The demand for carbon dioxide (CO2) gas detection is increasing nowadays. However, its fast detection at room temperature (RT) is a major challenge. Graphene is found to be the most promising sensing material for RT detection, owing to its high surface area and electrical conductivity. In this work, we report a highly edge functionalized chemically synthesized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin films to achieve fast sensing response for CO2 gas at room temperature. The high amount of edge functional groups is prominent for the sorption of CO2 molecules. Initially, rGO is synthesized by reduction of GO using ascorbic acid (AA) as a reducing agent. Three different concentrations of rGO are prepared using three AA concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg) to optimize the material properties such as functional groups and conductivity. Thin films of three different AA reduced rGO suspensions (AArGO25, AArGO50, AArGO100) are developed and later analyzed using standard FTIR, XRD, Raman, XPS, TEM, SEM, and four-point probe measurement techniques. We find that the highest edge functionality is achieved by the AArGO25 sample with a conductivity of ~1389 S/cm. The functionalized AArGO25 gas sensor shows recordable high sensing properties (response and recovery time) with good repeatability for CO2 at room temperature at 500 ppm and 50 ppm. Short response and recovery time of ~26 s and ~10 s, respectively, are achieved for 500 ppm CO2 gas with the sensitivity of ~50 Hz/µg. We believe that a highly functionalized AArGO CO2 gas sensor could be applicable for enhanced oil recovery, industrial and domestic safety applications.

Analysis for different functional results of TMJ ankylosis management by comparing ramus-condyle unit reconstruction using vertical ramus osteotomy and interpositional gap arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to analyze the functional results of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) range; that is, trismus index, lateral excursion, protrusion, retrusion, occlusion, masticatory efficiency), reestablishment of the anatomic relationship of the TMJ, aesthetics to improve quality of life, and complications in terms of ramus shortening on the affected side, deviation, facial asymmetry, neurologic deficits, and reankylosis. STUDY DESIGN: Sixteen patients with unilateral bony ankylosis were included and randomly divided into 2 groups with 8 patients in each group. Group I was treated with interpositional gap arthroplasty followed by reconstruction of the ramus-condyle unit using vertical ramus osteotomy. Group II was treated with interpositional gap arthroplasty. In both groups, a pedicled flap made up of fascia, temporalis muscle, and pericranium was used as an interpositional material. The functional range of the mandible was analyzed pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Group I improved significantly more than group II in terms of TMJ range; that is, trismus index, lateral excursion, protrusion, retrusion, reestablishment of the normal anatomic relationship of the TMJ, aesthetics, and masticatory efficiency. The reestablishment of anatomic relationship showed better result in mastication significantly. No reankylosis was reported in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: The functional results and aesthetics with TMJ reconstruction are significantly better.