3D printing as surgical planning and training in pediatric endoscopic skull base surgery - Systematic review and practical example.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric endoscopic skull base surgery is challenging due to the intricate anatomy of the skull base and the presence of tumors with varied pathologies. The use of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies in skull base surgeries has been found to be highly beneficial. A systematic review of the literature was performed to investigate the published studies that reported the effectiveness of 3D printing in pediatric endoscopic skull base surgery. METHODS: Pub Med, Embase, Science Direct, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched from January 01, 2000, until June 30, 2022. Original articles of any design reporting on the effectiveness of 3D printing in pediatric endoscopic skull base surgery were included. Information related to study population, conditions, models used, and key findings of study were extracted. Quality of included studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies. To exemplify the use of 3D technology in this scenario, we report a complex clival chordoma case. RESULTS: Six research articles were retrieved and included for qualitative analysis. Four of the six studies were conducted in the United States, followed by two in China. According to these studies, 3D reconstruction and printed models were more beneficial than CT/MRI images when discussing surgery with patients. In clinical training, these models were more helpful than 2D images in understanding the pathology when used in conjunction with image-guiding systems. It has been found that patient-specific 3D modeling, simulations, and rehearsal are the most efficient preoperative planning techniques, particularly in the pediatric population, for the treatment of complicated skull base surgeries. All the studies had a moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSION: 3D printing technologies assist in printing complex skull base tumors and the structures around them in three dimensions at the point of care and at the time needed, enabling the choice of the appropriate surgical strategy, thus minimizing surgery-related complications.

Juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis treated with combined erlotinib and celecoxib: Initial report.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a chronic disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). RRP is a clinical challenge because of the high recurrence rate, poor surgery response, extension to tracheobronchial tree and because of the risk of malignancy in some cases. There is no consensus on which adjuvant therapy is better for those patients with highly recurrent course. Because papilloma cells overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), together with an increased expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2, the combination of erlotinib and celecoxib seems plausible, and could be proposed for patients with poor response to previous lines of treatment.

Nasal obstructive disorders induce medical treatment failure in paediatric persistent allergic rhinitis (The NODPAR Study).

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic disease among children. To characterize the disease, a modified classification of severity (m-ARIA) has recently been validated in AR children. When medical treatment fails, surgery for nasal obstructive disorders (NOD) may be a therapeutic option. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of NOD and their influence in medical treatment response among children with persistent AR (PER). METHODS: In a prospective, real-life study, 130 paediatric PER patients (13.1 ± 2.8 years, females 31.5%, severe rhinitis 49%) referred from Allergy to ENT department were assessed for their response (R, responders; NR, non-responders) to medical treatment (intranasal steroids and antihistamines or antileukotrienes) by direct questioning and nasal symptom visual analogue scale, the presence of NOD (septal deformity, turbinate enlargement and adenoidal hyperplasia), comorbidities, nasal symptoms, rhinitis severity (modified ARIA criterion) and asthma control (International Consensus On Pediatric Asthma criterion). RESULTS: After 2 months of treatment, the NR group presented a higher prevalence of obstructive septal deformity and severe inferior turbinate enlargement when compared with the R group. Higher septal deformity and turbinate enlargement scores were strongly associated with treatment refractoriness. The prevalence of severe PER was also higher for the NR group. Higher asthma control scores were associated with the probability of treatment-induced improvement. CONCLUSIONS: In paediatric PER patients, medical therapy refractoriness was associated with NOD, mainly septal deformity and turbinate enlargement. In those patients, ENT examination will facilitate an early NOD diagnosis in order to indicate potential corrective surgery.

Pediatric intranasal lobular capillary hemangioma: Report of two new cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) is an acquired benign vascular tumor of unknown origin. It usually affects skin and mucous membranes of the oropharynx. It rarely involves the nasal cavity which most commonly manifests as epistaxis. To our knowledge, only fifteen pediatric intranasal LCH cases have been reported in the literature. None of these occurred in the inferior turbinate. We report two new pediatric cases of LCH, one of them on the inferior turbinate and the other one on the anterior nasal septum. Our principal aim was to highlight the importance of considering this lesion as a differential diagnosis for pediatric unilateral nasal obstruction and epistaxis. METHODS: Retrospective case series and review of current literature regarding the possible causes, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal LCH. DESCRIPTION OF CASES: Two adolescents presented with symptoms of unilateral nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Plain and contrast enhanced computed tomography revealed a well-defined intensely enhancing lesion in both cases. Patients underwent transnasal endoscopic excision and bipolar electrocautery at the base of the tumor for hemostasis. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of LCH. DISCUSSION: Current epidemiological and pathophysiological data suggests that the development of LCH may be associated to previous nasal trauma or endocrine disorders. LCH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all pediatric endonasal masses associated with unilateral epistaxis and nasal obstruction. Endoscopic total excision with bipolar electrocautery for hemostasis is an appropriate treatment.