The in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of an amino acid blend supplemented feed on pigs experimentally challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium.

Background: The in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of an amino acid (AA) blend (tryptophan, threonine, and methionine) in pigs. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of an AA blend on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and the in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in pigs experimentally challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Methods: IPEC-J2 were pretreated with an AA blend for 25 h and then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), deoxynivalenol (DON), or H2O2 for in vitro evaluation. A controlled standard diet supplemented with 0.3% of the AA blend was orally fed to the treated group pigs for 14 days, beginning at 21 days of age. At the end of the feeding period, pigs were orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium. Results: Pre-treatment with the AA blend reduced LPS/DON-induced interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA as a measurement of the anti-inflammatory effect and H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a measurement of the anti-oxidative effect on IPEC-J2. Feeding with an AA blend resulted in a reduction of proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-8) cytokine levels, while treated pigs experienced an increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine in their sera. The addition of an AA blend-supplemented pig feed resulted in significantly lower Salmonella-induced cecal lesion scores compared to untreated pigs. Discussion: Supplementation of feed with an AA blend reduced intestinal inflammation and pathology in pigs and may be applied for the control of Salmonella Typhimurium infection, as demonstrated in this study.

Divergent clinical outcomes depending on the sequential infection order of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

This study compared the different sequential order of infection of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-six pigs were allocated randomly across six different groups. Pigs underwent various inoculation sequences: M. hyopneumoniae administered 14 days before PCV2d, simultaneous PCV2d-M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d given 14 days before M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d only, M. hyopneumoniae only, or a mock inoculum. Overall, the pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae 14 days prior to PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) and those inoculated simultaneously with PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group) displayed notably higher clinical disease severity and experienced a significant decrease of their average daily weight gain than pigs inoculated with PCV2d 14 days prior to M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2-Mhyo group). M. hyopneumoniae infection potentiated PCV2 blood and lymph node viral loads, as well as PCV2-associated lesions, while the infection of PCV2d did not impact the intensity of M. hyopneumoniae infection. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) sera levels were significantly increased in the Mhyo-PCV2 and PCV2+Mhyo groups as compared to the PCV2-Mhyo, PCV2, and Mhyo groups. The most important information was that the potentiation effect of M. hyopneumoniae on PCV2d was found only in pigs inoculated with either M. hyopneumoniae followed by PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) or a simultaneous inoculation of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group). The sequential infection order of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae resulted in divergent clinical outcomes.