Conceptualization and development of a questionnaire to determine physical activity barriers.

PURPOSE: Considering the role of physical activity on public health and the high prevalence of physical inactivity worldwide, determining physical activity barriers is critical and will be a road map for future planning. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive questionnaire to determine physical activity barriers. METHODS: By reviewing previous studies, the main domains of the questionnaire were established. A physical activity expert interviewed 20 individuals aged 18 to 65 years. The results were evaluated by an expert panel for a content validity index. Face validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency were established on 204 individuals. RESULTS: The content validity index in all items was within the acceptable range (>0.85). Face validity was appropriate, and the misunderstanding index was < 20% in all items. Test-retest reliability in the final questionnaire in all items based on Cohen's kappa was > 0.20, indicating fair agreement. Internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.63 was within the acceptable range. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the newly designed survey is valid, accurate, and reliable. The use of this comprehensive tool by policymakers would help them properly identify the perceived barriers, and thus perform better physical activity interventions as promotional health programs.

Intraosseous Lipoma of Calcaneus, Rare Cause of Chronic Calcaneal Pain: A Case Report.

Intraosseous lipoma is a rare, benign primary tumor occurring in the bone. Herein, we reported a 45-year-old man with chronic right posterior heel pain. In this study, the man was treated conservatively due to plantar fasciitis. During a one-month follow-up visit, the patient had no symptoms of relief in the right heel pain. Initially, calcaneal X-ray was taken, which revealed an expansile unicameral lytic lesion with central calcification on the right calcaneus. Moreover, computed tomography scan revealed an expansile lytic lesion on the right calcaneus. The diagnosis was confirmed as calcaneal lipoma in magnetic resonance imaging. The patient underwent curettage and autogenous iliac crest corticocancellous bone graft under general anesthesia. In a 3-month postoperative follow-up, the patient returned to full ambulation. Postoperative radiographs demonstrated continued remodeling and healing of the graft site. The purpose of this article was to increase awareness among clinicians about the existence of this rare cause of calcaneal pain.