Formation of "fuzzy" phases with high proton conductivities in the composites of polyphosphoric acid and metal oxide nanoparticles.

A high proton-conducting phase appears in the composites of zirconium- and titanium-oxide nanoparticles and polyphosphoric acid (HPO(3)). Metal oxide nanoparticles (ZrO(2) and TiO(2)) react with HPO(3) and form composite electrolytes containing pyrophosphates (ZrP(2)O(7) or TiP(2)O(7)) and shortened HPO(3) chains. The ZrO(2)-HPO(3) composite exhibits eleven times higher conductivity than sole HPO(3) at the maximum. A formed layer of shortened HPO(3) chains surrounding the pyrophosphates enhances the proton conductivities of the composite electrolytes and reduces the activation energies for the proton conductivities from 50 to 30 kJ mol(-1).

Immunohistochemical Changes of the Transcription Regulatory Factors in Rat Striatum after Methamphetamine Administration.

We have found evidence for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element (CRE) in the 5'-upstream region of the human 14.3.3 η chain gene during studies on isolation and structure of animal brain 14.3.3 cDNA and the human 14.3.3 h chain gene. cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) may bind to this CRE. Since it was considered that these CREBs may play an important role in molecular mechanisms in the brain of animals treated with methamphetamine, we examined the expression of CREB and pCREB in rat brain after acute and chronic methamphetamine administrations using antibodies against CREB and pCREB. We observed findings for change in the expression of these factors. Our findings should be discussed in relation to the data of other authors.