RESUMO
Fatty acid mimetics (FAM) are bioactive molecules acting through the binding sites of endogenous fatty acid metabolites on enzymes, transporters, and receptors. Due to the special characteristics of these binding sites, FAMs share common chemical features. Pharmacological modulation of fatty acid signaling has therapeutic potential in multiple pathologies, and several FAMs have been developed as drugs. We aimed to elucidate the promiscuity of FAM drugs on lipid-activated transcription factors and tested 64 approved compounds for activation of RAR, PPARs, VDR, LXR, FXR, and RXR. The activity screening revealed nuclear receptor agonism of several FAM drugs and considerable promiscuity of NSAIDs, while other compound classes evolved as selective. These screening results were not anticipated by three well-established target prediction tools, suggesting that FAMs are underrepresented in bioactivity data for model development. The screening dataset may therefore valuably contribute to such tools. Oxaprozin (RXR), tianeptine (PPARδ), mycophenolic acid (RAR), and bortezomib (RAR) exhibited selective agonism on one nuclear receptor and emerged as attractive leads for the selective optimization of side activities. Additionally, their nuclear receptor agonism may contribute relevant and valuable polypharmacology.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos , PPAR delta , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , PPAR delta/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares , Receptores X de Retinoides/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Polypharmaceutical regimens often impair treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a complex disease cluster, including obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and type II diabetes. Simultaneous targeting of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) synergistically counteracted MetS in various in vivo models, and dual sEH inhibitors/PPARγ agonists hold great potential to reduce the problems associated with polypharmacy in the context of MetS. However, full activation of PPARγ leads to fluid retention associated with edema and weight gain, while partial PPARγ agonists do not have these drawbacks. In this study, we designed a dual partial PPARγ agonist/sEH inhibitor using a structure-guided approach. Exhaustive structure-activity relationship studies lead to the successful optimization of the designed lead. Crystal structures of one representative compound with both targets revealed potential points for optimization. The optimized compounds exhibited favorable metabolic stability, toxicity, selectivity, and desirable activity in adipocytes and macrophages.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Epóxido Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , PPAR gama/agonistas , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Polimedicação , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) presents as an epidemic chronic liver disease that is closely associated with metabolic disorders and involves hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis as key factors. Despite the enormous global prevalence of NASH, effective pharmacological interventions are lacking. Based on the hypothesis that the multifactorial condition NASH may benefit from combined multiple modes of action for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, we have previously developed dual FXR activators/sEH inhibitors (FXRa/sEHi) and observed remarkable antifibrotic effects upon their use in rodent NASH models. However, these first-generation FXRa/sEHi were characterized by moderate metabolic stability and short in vivo half-life. Aiming to overcome these pharmacokinetic drawbacks, we have systematically studied the structure-activity and structure-stability relationships of the chemotype and obtained second-generation FXRa/sEHi with improved pharmacokinetic parameters. With high plasma exposure, a half-life greater than 5 h, and similar dual potency on the intended targets, 13 presents as a substantially optimized FXRa/sEHi for late-stage preclinical development.
Assuntos
Benzamidas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Epóxido Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Animais , Benzamidas/síntese química , Benzamidas/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Epóxido Hidrolases/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an epidemic chronic liver disease and may progress over nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The multiple metabolic, environmental, and genetic factors that are involved in NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis and progression suggest a need for multimechanistic interventions. We have developed and preliminarily characterized a concept of dual farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) modulation as a promising polypharmacological strategy to counteract NASH. Here we report the profiling of FXR activation, sEH inhibition, and simultaneous FXR/sEH modulation as an interventional treatment in pre-established NASH in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). We found that full FXR activation was required to obtain antisteatosis effects but also worsened ballooning degeneration and fibrosis. In contrast, sEH inhibition and dual FXR/sEH modulation, despite a lack of antisteatosis activity, had anti-inflammatory effects and efficiently counteracted hepatic fibrosis. These results demonstrate great therapeutic potential of sEH inhibition to counteract hepatic fibrosis and validate the designed polypharmacology concept of dual FXR/sEH modulation as a potentially superior avenue for the effective treatment of the multifactorial condition NASH.
RESUMO
Designed polypharmacology presents as an attractive strategy to increase therapeutic efficacy in multi-factorial diseases by a directed modulation of multiple involved targets with a single molecule. Such an approach appears particularly suitable in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which involves hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis as pathological hallmarks. Among various potential pharmacodynamic mechanisms, activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXRa) and inhibition of leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4Hi) hold promise to counteract NASH according to preclinical and clinical observations. We have developed dual FXR/LTA4H modulators as pharmacological tools, enabling evaluation of this polypharmacology concept to treat NASH and related pathologies. The optimized FXRa/LTA4Hi exhibits well-balanced dual activity on the intended targets with sub-micromolar potency and is highly selective over related nuclear receptors and enzymes rendering it suitable as tool to probe synergies of dual FXR/LTA4H targeting.
Assuntos
Ácido Quenodesoxicólico/análogos & derivados , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Epóxido Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/agonistas , Ácido Quenodesoxicólico/síntese química , Ácido Quenodesoxicólico/química , Ácido Quenodesoxicólico/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Epóxido Hidrolases/metabolismo , Humanos , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Isoxazóis/química , Estrutura Molecular , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismoRESUMO
The nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) are validated molecular targets to treat metabolic disorders such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Their simultaneous modulation inâ vivo has demonstrated a triad of anti-NASH effects and thus may generate synergistic efficacy. Here we report dual FXR activators/sEH inhibitors derived from the anti-asthma drug Zafirlukast. Systematic structural optimization of the scaffold has produced favorable dual potency on FXR and sEH while depleting the original cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonism of the lead drug. The resulting polypharmacological activity profile holds promise in the treatment of liver-related metabolic diseases.
Assuntos
Epóxido Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/agonistas , Compostos de Tosil/química , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Colesterol 7-alfa-Hidroxilase/genética , Colesterol 7-alfa-Hidroxilase/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Epóxido Hidrolases/genética , Epóxido Hidrolases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Indóis , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Fenilcarbamatos , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas , Compostos de Tosil/metabolismo , Compostos de Tosil/farmacologiaRESUMO
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) - a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome - is a multifactorial disease with alarming global prevalence. It involves steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, thus demanding multiple modes of action for robust therapeutic efficacy. Aiming to fuse complementary validated anti-NASH strategies in a single molecule, we have designed and systematically optimized a scaffold for triple activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARδ. Pilot profiling of the resulting triple modulator demonstrated target engagement in native cellular settings and in mice, rendering it a suitable tool to probe the triple modulator concept in vivo. In DIO NASH in mice, the triple agonist counteracted hepatic inflammation and reversed hepatic fibrosis highlighting the potential of designed polypharmacology in NASH.
RESUMO
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulators have found wide application for the treatment of cancers, metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases. Contrary to PPARγ agonists, PPARγ antagonists have been much less studied and although they have shown immunomodulatory effects, there is still no therapeutically useful PPARγ antagonist on the market. In contrast to non-competitive, irreversible inhibition caused by 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide (GW9662), the recently described (E)-2-(5-((4-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-6-yl)methoxy)-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-benzylidene)-hexanoic acid (MTTB, T-10017) is a promising prototype for a new class of PPARγ antagonists. It exhibits competitive antagonism against rosiglitazone mediated activation of PPARγ ligand binding domain (PPARγLBD) in a transactivation assay in HEK293T cells with an IC50 of 4.3⯵M against 1⯵M rosiglitazone. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the MTTB scaffold focusing on improving its physicochemical properties. Through this optimization, 34 new derivatives were prepared and characterized. Two new potent compounds (T-10075 and T-10106) with much improved drug-like properties and promising pharmacokinetic profile were identified.