Barogenic perforation of the esophagus: An unusual manifestation / Perforación barogénica del esófago: una presentación inusual

Abstract Introduction: Typically, when esophageal perforation secondary to barotrauma is mentioned as the causal pathophysiological mechanism of perforation, the literature refers to spontaneous esophageal perforation or Boerhaave syndrome as an entity. It involves the longitudinal and transmural rupture of the esophagus (previously healthy) secondary to an abrupt increase in intraluminal esophageal pressure, frequently triggered during vomiting. However, in the medical literature, some reports list mechanisms of barotrauma other than this entity. Case report: A 64-year-old female patient with a history of surgically managed gastric adenocarcinoma (total gastrectomy and esophagoenteral anastomosis) presented with stenosis of the esophagojejunal anastomosis, which required an endoscopic dilatation protocol with a CRETM balloon. The third session of endoscopic dilation was held; in removing the endoscope, we identified a deep esophageal laceration with a 4 cm long perforation at the level of the middle esophagus (8 cm proximal to the dilated anastomosis), suspecting the mechanism of barotrauma as the causal agent. She required urgent transfer to the operating room, where we performed thoracoscopic esophagectomy, broad-spectrum empiric antimicrobial coverage, and enteral nutrition by advanced tube during in-hospital surveillance. The control esophagram at seven days showed a small leak over the anastomotic area, which was managed conservatively. Imaging control at 14 days showed a decrease in the size of the leak, with good evolution and tolerance to the oral route. The patient was later discharged.

Resumen Introducción: típicamente, cuando se menciona la perforación esofágica secundaria a barotrauma como el mecanismo fisiopatológico causal de la perforación, la literatura se refiere a la perforación esofágica espontánea o síndrome de Boerhaave como entidad, la cual hace referencia a la ruptura longitudinal y transmural del esófago (previamente sano) secundaria a un aumento abrupto de la presión intraluminal esofágica, que se desencadena frecuentemente durante el vómito. Sin embargo, en la literatura médica existen algunos reportes que mencionan otros mecanismos de barotrauma diferentes a esta entidad. Reporte de caso: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 64 años con antecedente de adenocarcinoma gástrico manejado quirúrgicamente (gastrectomía total y anastomosis esofagoenteral), quien presentaba estenosis de anastomosis esofagoyeyunal, que requirió un protocolo de dilatación endoscópica con balón CRETM. Se llevó a una tercera sesión de dilatación endoscópica, en la que durante la extracción del endoscopio se identificó una laceración esofágica profunda con perforación de 4 cm de longitud a nivel del esófago medio (8 cm proximal a anastomosis dilatada), y se sospechó del mecanismo de barotrauma como agente causal. Requirió traslado urgente a sala de cirugía, en la que se realizó esofagorrafia por toracoscopia, cubrimiento antimicrobiano empírico de amplio espectro y nutrición enteral por sonda avanzada durante la vigilancia intrahospitalaria. El esofagograma de control a los 7 días mostró una pequeña fuga sobre el área anastomótica, la cual se manejó de manera conservadora. El control imagenológico a los 14 días evidenció una disminución del tamaño de la fuga, con una evolución satisfactoria y tolerancia a la vía oral, y posteriormente se dio el egreso.

Modelo ideal de nefroprevención para Colombia

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es una patología altamente prevalente en países en vía de desarrollo como Colombia, en donde afecta a gran parte de la población. Esta es una enfermedad que afecta la calidad de vida y la longevidad de los pacientes, así como los costos del sistema de salud. La ERC tiene un carácter progresivo e irreversible, por lo que intervenirla en etapas tempranas resulta ser una medida altamente costo-efectiva; a partir de esto surge el concepto de nefroprevención, mediante la cual, teniendo en cuenta los niveles de prevención primaria, secundaria y terciaria, se puede lograr una identificación precoz y la interrupción o enlentecimiento de la progresión, y además se puede implementar un manejo oportuno e integral del daño renal según el estadio de la enfermedad. Esto es posible haciendo una búsqueda activa de casos, realizando pruebas de cribado y haciendo intervenciones interdisciplinarias que incluyan educación de la población y del personal en salud, para así promover el autocuidado y realizar un seguimiento que impacte de forma positiva en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, en los desenlaces de la enfermedad y en la economía de los países en vía de desarrollo, los cuales deben optimizar sus limitados recursos e invertir en los procesos que generen mayor costo-efectividad.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent entity in developing countries, affecting a large part of the Colombian population, which affects the quality of life, longevity and health costs. It has a progressive and irreversible character, so that intervening in early stages, turns out to be a highly cost-effective measure, from this, the concept of nephro-prevention arises, in which taking into account the levels of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, it is possible to obtain an early identification, interruption or slowing down of progression, and timely and comprehensive management of kidney damage according to the stage of their disease; taking into account an active search for cases, carrying out screening tests and an interdisciplinary intervention that includes education of the population and health personnel, in order to generate self-care and follow-up that positively impacts quality of life, outcomes and finally the economy of developing countries, which those who, with limited resources, must optimize and invest in the processes that generate greater cost-effectiveness.

Concordance between hepatic biopsy and the APRI index (Ast to Platelet Ratio Index) for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with autoimmune liver disease. / Concordancia entre el resultado de la biopsia hepática y el índice APRI (Ast to Platelet Ratio Index) en el diagnóstico de cirrosis en pacientes con enfermedad hepática autoinmune.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: It has been proposed that non-invasive methods may replace liver biopsy for the diagnosis of tissue damage in patients with autoimmune liver disease (ALD). The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic performance and degree of concordance between the APRI index and liver biopsy for diagnosing cirrhosis in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a cohort of patients with ALD, the value of the APRI index and liver biopsy results were determined according to the METAVIR score. The AUC and the degree of concordance between an APRI value >2 and a METAVIR score of F4 were evaluated as markers of liver cirrhosis, through a kappa statistic. RESULTS: In total, 70 patients (age 51 ± 13 years) were included. The most common autoimmune liver diseases were primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (40%), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (24.3%) and AIH-PBC overlap syndrome (32.9%). Cirrhosis was confirmed by biopsy in 16 patients (22.9%). 15 patients (21.4%) had an APRI index >2 (Cirrhosis) and only six met both criteria. The AUC of the APRI was 0.77 (95% CI 0.65-0.88). The degree of concordance between the tests was low for an APRI cut-off point >2 (kappa 0.213; 95% CI 0.094-0.332), as well as for cut-off points >1.5, >1 and >0.5 (kappa 0.213, 0.255, 0.257, respectively) CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that there is little concordance between APRI and liver biopsy for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with ALD. It should therefore not be used as a single diagnostic method to determine cirrhosis.

Remote FLS testing in the real world: ready for "prime time".

INTRODUCTION: Maintaining the existing FLS test centers requires considerable investment in human and financial resources. It can also be particularly challenging for those outside of North America to become certified due to the limited number of international test centers. Preliminary work suggests that it is possible to reliably score the FLS manual skills component remotely using low-cost videoconferencing technology. Significant work remains to ensure that testing procedures adhere to standards defined by SAGES for this approach to be considered equivalent to standard on-site testing. OBJECTIVE: To validate the integrity and validity of the FLS manual skills examination administered remotely in a real-world environment according to FLS testing protocols and to evaluate participants' experience with the setting. METHODS: Individuals with various levels of training from the University of Toronto completed a pre- and a post-test questionnaire. Participants presented to one of the two FLS testing rooms available for the study, each connected via Skype to a separate room with a FLS proctor who administered and scored the test remotely (RP). An on-site proctor (OP) was present in the room as a control. An invigilator was also present in the testing room to follow directions from the RP and ensure the integrity of test materials. RESULTS: Twenty-one participants were recruited, and 20 completed the test. There was no significant difference between scores by RP and OP. Interrater reliability between the RP and OP was excellent. One critical error was missed by the RP, but this would not have affected the test outcome. Participants reported being highly satisfied. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that proctors located remotely can administer the FLS skills test in a secure and reliable fashion, with excellent interrater reliability compared to an on-site proctor. Remote proctoring of the FLS examination could become a strategy to increase certification rates while containing costs.

Commercial videoconferencing for use in telementoring laparoscopic surgery.

Telementoring is a useful tool for laparoscopic surgical education. However, current systems have high barriers to entry that prevent widespread adoption. Using commercial videoconferencing applications for telementoring would lower cost and technical barriers. This study examines nine of these options.

Feasibility of remote administration of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) skills test.

BACKGROUND: Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) certification testing currently is offered at accredited test centers or at select surgical conferences. Maintaining these test centers requires considerable investment in human and financial resources. Additionally, it can be challenging for individuals outside North America to become FLS certified. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of remotely administering and scoring the FLS examination using live videoconferencing compared with standard onsite testing. METHODS: This parallel mixed-methods study used both FLS scoring data and participant feedback to determine the barriers to feasibility of remote proctoring for the FLS examination. Participants were tested at two accredited FLS testing centers. An official FLS proctor administered and scored the FLS exam remotely while another onsite proctor provided a live score of participants' performance. Participant feedback was collected during testing. Interrater reliabilities of onsite and remote FLS scoring data were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Participant feedback was analyzed using modified grounded theory to identify themes for barriers to feasibility. RESULTS: The scores of the remote and onsite proctors showed excellent interrater reliability in the total FLS (ICC 0.995, CI [0.985-0.998]). Several barriers led to critical errors in remote scoring, but most were accompanied by a solution incorporated into the study protocol. The most common barrier was the chain of custody for exam accessories. CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study suggest that remote administration of the FLS has the potential to decrease costs without altering test-taker scores or exam validity. Further research is required to validate protocols for remote and onsite proctors and to direct execution of these protocols in a controlled environment identical to current FLS test administration.

[Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery in Colombia using telesimulation: an effective educational tool for distance learning]. / Fundamentos de cirugía laparoscópica en Colombia con telesimulación: una herramienta adicional para la formación integral de cirujanos.

INTRODUCTION: The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program is an educational program developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, which includes a handson skills training component, a cognitive component, and an assessment component for laparoscopic surgery. Its main objective is to provide surgical residents and practicing surgeons with the opportunity to learn fundamental skills and obtain the theoretical knowledge required to perform laparoscopic surgery, guaranteeing a better performance in the operating room, and thus, improving patient security. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of telesimulation for teaching the Fundamentals of Laparosopic Surgery program in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty participants (ten general surgeons and ten general surgery residents) in two cities in Colombia participated in eight weekly telesimulation sessions. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery scores were obtained for each participant before the telesimulation sessions (pre-test scores) and after telesimulation training was completed (post-test scores). RESULTS: Using scoring parameters developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, we found a significant improvement between pre-test and post-test scores. All the participants passed the skills component of the course. CONCLUSION: This study evidences the effectiveness of telesimulation to improve the laparoscopic skills of the participants who had no previous knowledge of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program, which guaranteed obtaining the necessary score for approving the practical component of the program.

Fundamentos de cirugía laparoscópica en Colombia con telesimulación: una herramienta adicional para la formación integral de cirujanos / Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery in Colombia using telesimulation: an effective educational tool for distance learning

Introducción. El programa "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica" es un módulo educativo desarrollado por la Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, que incluye el desarrollo de habilidades prácticas y conocimientos teóricos en cirugía laparoscópica. Su misión principal es brindar a los residentes de las áreas quirúrgicas, y a los cirujanos en general, una herramienta adicional en su formación, para aprender los fundamentos y el conocimiento teórico necesario para la práctica de la cirugía laparoscópica, lo que garantizará un mejor desempeño en las salas de cirugía y, por ende, mayor seguridad para los pacientes. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de la telesimulación para enseñar el componente práctico del programa "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica" en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Veinte participantes (10 cirujanos generales y 10 residentes de cirugía general) de dos ciudades de Colombia, participaron en ocho sesiones (una semanal) de entrenamiento en "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica" mediante telesimulación. Se les hizo un examen práctico antes de las telesimulaciones, y un examen teórico y práctico, al final de las ocho sesiones. Resultados. Utilizando parámetros numéricos definidos por la Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, se encontró diferencias significativas el examen previo y el posterior. El 100 % de los participantes aprobaron el componente práctico del programa. Conclusiones. Este estudio demuestra la efectividad de la telesimulación para mejorar las habilidades laparoscópicas de participantes sin conocimiento previo del programa "Fundamentos de Cirugía Laparoscópica", lo que garantizó obtener el puntaje necesario para aprobar la sección práctica del programa.

Introduction: The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program is an educational program developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, which includes a hands-on skills training component, a cognitive component, and an assessment component for laparoscopic surgery. Its main objective is to provide surgical residents and practicing surgeons with the opportunity to learn fundamental skills and obtain the theoretical knowledge required to perform laparoscopic surgery, guaranteeing a better performance in the operating room, and thus, improving patient security. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of telesimulation for teaching the Fundamentals of Laparosopic Surgery program in Colombia. Materials and methods: Twenty participants (ten general surgeons and ten general surgery residents) in two cities in Colombia participated in eight weekly telesimulation sessions. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery scores were obtained for each participant before the telesimulation sessions (pre-test scores) and after telesimulation training was completed (post-test scores). Results: Using scoring parameters developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, we found a significant improvement between pre-test and post-test scores. All the participants passed the skills component of the course. Conclusion: This study evidences the effectiveness of telesimulation to improve the laparoscopic skills of the participants who had no previous knowledge of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery program, which guaranteed obtaining the necessary score for approving the practical component of the program.

Hernia abdominal traumática / Traumatic abdominal hernia

Las hernias abdominales traumáticas son un tipo de hernias adquiridas, secundarias a traumatismo cerrado. Se reportan dos casos de este tipo de lesiones, uno de ellos con lesión abdominal significativa asociada. En uno de los casos, se corrigió el defecto por planos y fijación de malla de polipropileno por encima de la fascia; el otro fue corregido con malla por abordaje laparoscópico. En ambos casos, el periodo posoperatorio transcurrió sin complicaciones. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura.

Traumatic abdominal wall hernias are a type of acquired hernias secondary to blunt trauma. We report two cases of such hernias, one of them with significant intra-abdominal injury. One wall defect was repaired in layers and fixation of polypropylene mesh over the fascia. The other case was repaired by laparoscopy. Postoperative course was uneventful. The latest literature is reviewed. With this literature review and case report we hope to augment the knowledge on traumatic abdominal wall hernias, hopefully leading to early diagnosis and treatment.

Development and validation of a pediatric laparoscopic surgery simulator.

BACKGROUND: Although a validated simulator exists for adult laparoscopy, there is no pediatric counterpart. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a pediatric laparoscopic surgery (PLS) simulator. METHODS: A PLS simulator was developed. Participants were stratified according to level of expertise and tested on the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) and PLS simulators. A subsequent group was tested exclusively on the PLS simulator. RESULTS: The PLS intracorporeal suturing score was lower than its adult counterpart (P = .02). The PLS pattern-cutting score was higher than in the FLS simulator (P < .001). If the latter was eliminated from the calculation, the revised total FLS score was significantly better than the revised PLS score. When all participants were combined, total PLS scores as well as performance on 3 of 5 tasks allowed differentiation between novice, intermediate, and expert. CONCLUSIONS: The PLS simulator was able to discriminate between the novice, intermediate, and expert using the total PLS score and the performance on 3 of the 5 tasks, thus providing evidence for construct validity. The other 2 tasks will require formal modification or a change in the scoring metrics to establish their independent construct validity.

Telesimulation: an effective method for teaching the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery in resource-restricted countries.

BACKGROUND: Several challenges exist with laparoscopic skills training in resource-restricted countries, including long travel distances required by mentors for onsite teaching. Telesimulation (TS) is a novel concept that uses the internet to link simulators between an instructor and a trainee in different locations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of telesimulation for teaching the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) to surgeons in Botswana, Africa. METHODS: A total of 16 surgeons from two centers in Botswana participated in this 8-week study. FLS TS was set up using two simulators, computers, webcams, and Skype software for eight surgeons in the TS group. A standard FLS simulator was available for the eight surgeons in the self-practice (SP) group. Participants in the TS group had one remote training session per week with an FLS proctor at the University of Toronto who provided feedback and demonstrated proper technique. Participants in the SP group had access to the FLS DVD and were instructed to train on FLS at least once per week. FLS post-test scores were obtained in Botswana by a trained FLS proctor at the conclusion of the study. RESULTS: Participants in the TS group had significantly higher post-test FLS scores than those in the SP group (440 +/- 56 vs. 272 +/- 95, p = 0.001). All trainees in the TS group achieved an FLS simulator certification passing score, whereas only 38% in the SP group did so (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Remote telesimulation is an effective method for teaching the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery in Africa, achieving a 100% FLS skills pass rate. This training platform provides a cost-effective method of teaching in resource-restricted countries and could be used to teach laparoscopic skills anywhere in the world with internet access.

Arritmias cardiacas generadas por heterogeneidad electrofisiológica: estudio mediante simulación / Cardiac arrhythmias generated by electrophysiological heterogeneity: simulation study

Las arritmias ventriculares usualmente se presentan como consecuencia de isquemia miocárdica aguda, lo cual causa la mayoría de las muertes súbitas. La heterogeneidad cardiaca tanto funcional (diferente comportamiento eléctrico en los miocitos) como bioquímica (diferentes concentraciones iónicas en isquemia), altera el comportamiento eléctrico del ventrículo y genera dispersión en la repolarización del potencial de acción, por lo que se convierte en sustrato funcional para la generación de arritmias fatales. En este trabajo se revisan las técnicas experimentales para el estudio y la detección de arritmias por reentrada, y se valida un modelo geométrico de isquemia, en presencia de heterogeneidad eléctrica en la región transmural de la pared ventricular. Para ello se utilizaron simulaciones bidimensionales de un modelo biofísicamente detallado y se obtuvieron reentradas lobulares en diferentes configuraciones de las células M de la pared ventricular.

Ventricular arrhythmias usually appear as consequence of acute myocardial ischemia, responsible for most of sudden deaths. Functional (different electrical behavior of myocytes) as well as biochemical (different ionic concentrations during ischemia) cardiac heterogeneity alter the ventricle electric performance and generate dispersion in the action potential repolarization that turns into functional substrate for the generation of fatal arrhythmias. In this work the experimental techniques for the study and detection of arrhythmias by re-entry are reviewed and a geometrical model of ischemia is validated in the presence of electrical heterogeneity in the trans-mural region of the ventricular wall. For this purpose, bi-dimensional simulations of a detailed biophysical model were used and lobular re-entries in different configurations of the M cells of the ventricular wall were obtained.