Imported cysticercosis in Spain: A retrospective case series from the +REDIVI Collaborative Network.

BACKGROUND: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic neurological disease worldwide and a major cause of epilepsy. Spain is the country reporting the highest number of NCC imported cases in Europe. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective case series of NCC patients registered in the +REDIVI Network from October 1, 2009 to July 2018. A specific questionnaire, including clinical and diagnostic characteristics, was created and sent to the collaborator centers. RESULTS: 46 cases were included in the analysis. 55% were male, mean age of 40 years. 95.6% were migrants. The median duration since migration from an endemic area was 10 years. Predominant nationalities were Ecuadorians (50%) and Bolivians (30.4%). Frequent locations were parenchymal (87%), subarachnoid (26.1%) and intraventricular cysts (10.9%). Serological analysis was performed in 91.3%, being 54.8% positive. Most prevalent clinical manifestations were persistent headache (60.9%), epilepsy (43.5%) and visual changes (13%). Patients were mainly treated with albendazole (76.1%), corticosteroids (67.4%), and anticonvulsionants (52.2%). 82.5% had a favorable clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Most NCC cases were long-standing migrants. Few clinical differences were observed depending on the cysticerci location. The treatment was often not according to current recommendations, and no uniform criteria were followed when it came to the therapeutic regimen. NCC case management in Spain (including clinician awareness and laboratory capacity improvements) needs to be strengthened.

The role of artesunate for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Efficacy of artemisinin derivatives alone or in combination compared to praziquantel alone for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren. METHODS: Randomized clinical trials comparing praziquantel with artemisinin derivatives in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren were included. Medline, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, African Index Medicus, and Scielo were searched. We also analyzed the abstracts of the main conferences on infectious diseases and tropical medicine during the years 2009-2011. Google Scholar and OpenSIGLE were also searched. The last search was performed in July 2012. The primary endpoint was the cure rate. The main outcome data were retrieved using a standardized form; three independent researchers (WP, HC, and SS) performed the search, retrieved data, and evaluated the risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Risk ratios were used and heterogeneity was evaluated. A fixed or random-effects model was used according to the results of heterogeneity testing. An intention-to-treat analysis was done. Data were analyzed using Revman 5·0·24 (Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre). RESULTS: Seven studies were selected for full text review and only five studies were finally included. The cure rate for praziquantel was superior to that of artesunate (RR: 1·66; 95% CI: 1·18-2·33). Artesunate was not clearly superior to placebo (artesunate versus placebo, RR: 3·21; 95% CI: 0·50-20·74). Combination of artesunate with praziquantel could prove more beneficial than praziquantel alone (RR: 1·15; 95% CI: 1·01-1·31). The frequency of adverse events was equivalent for both drugs (praziquantel versus artesunate, RR: 1·11; 95% CI: 0·80-1·55). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis showed that praziquantel was significantly more effective than artesunate for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren. Artesunate at best had a marginal role in combination therapy.

Identificación de Bartonella bacilliformis por métodos moleculares / Bartonella bacilliformis diagnosis by molecular methods

Introducción: La técnica de PCR amplifica una secuencia de ADN con la enzima polimerasa; es muy sensible y especifica. Objetivo: Estandarizar una técnica de PCR para identificar Bartonella bacilliformis en sangre total de pacientes con bartonelosis aguda. Material y métodos: Se usó muestras de sangre total de seis pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico de bartonelosis aguda. Se extrajo el ADN de sangre total usando el detergente guanidina DNAZOL BD. Se amplificó el ADN usando los cebadores de extensión "primers" 16S y 23S del espaciador de trascripción interna (ITS). Se hizo electroforesis de los productos de amplificación en gel de agarosa. Se compararon los pesos moleculares de las bandas observadas en la electroforesis con un marcador de 100 pares de bases. Resultados: Se determinó que la concentración de ADN extraído por DNAZOL BD corresponde alrededor de 6 ng de ADN. El producto amplificado de muestras de sangre total fue alrededor de 1000 pares de bases, idéntico al extraído de los hemocultivos de B. bacilliformis y claramente diferente del de otras especies. Las diluciones de las extracciones mejor detectadas por PCR fueron 1/5 y 1/10. Conclusiones: El ADN de B. bacilliformis extraído con DNAZOL BD de sangre total de pacientes con bartonelosis aguda es amplificado por PCR utilizando los primers 16S y 23S; es posible usar esta técnica para el diagnóstico etiológico rápido.

Background: The PCR methodology amplifies a sequence of DNA with the Polimerase enzyme; the sensibility and specificity is very high. Objective: To develop a PCR methodology designed to work on extracts from whole blood samples rather than from isolated, cultured organisms. Methods. The whole blood of six patients with clinical and microbiologic diagnosis of acute bartonelosis by B. bacilliformis was used. The DNA was extracted with DNAZOL® BD (lysis solution with guanidine detergent), and the extract subjected to PCR using primers 16S and 23S for the Intergenic Transcribed Spacer (ITS). The amplified products were subjected to electrophoresis on 1 per cent agarose gels. Results: The concentration of the extracted product with DNAZOL® BD was around 6 ng. The amplified single sized product of 1000 base pairs was identical to that from authentic cultures of B. bacilliformis and clearly different from that of other species. The dilutions detected by PCR were 1/5 and 1/10. Conclusion: The amplification of the DNA of B. bacilliformis extracted with DNAZOL® BD from whole blood of patients with acute bartonelosis using the primers 16S and 23S is possible using this method for a fast etiologic diagnosis. ( Rev Med Hered 2002; 13: 58-63 ).