RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELENIUM NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MARKERS OF LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN OBESE WOMEN.

Low-grade chronic inflammation is one of the main disorders that characterize adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and is an important element in the pathogenesis of several comorbidities. In this context, selenium is an essential micronutrient that exerts important anti-inflammatory functions, and the role of selenium in controlling inflammation associated with obesity is not well defined. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between markers of the nutritional status of selenium and low-grade chronic inflammation in obese women. This cross-sectional study included 81 women aged between 18 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups according to body mass index (BMI): the obesity group (n = 38) and normal weight group (n = 43). Selenium intake was assessed by 3-day diet records. The plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary selenium concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The analysis of serum cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was performed using flow cytometry. The results of this study revealed that the obese women had higher dietary intake of selenium than eutrophic women. However, obese participants showed decreased selenium concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, in parallel with increased concentrations of selenium in the urine. Regarding the inflammatory parameters, obese women exhibited higher concentrations of IL-6 and lower concentrations of the cytokines IL-8, IL-1ß, and TNFα than eutrophic women. In the binary logistic regression analysis, erythrocyte selenium was considered an independent predictor of the serum concentrations of cytokine IL-8 in obese women, reflecting the anti-inflammatory action of this micronutrient.

Relationship Between Markers of Chronic Inflammation and Copper Nutritional Status in Obese Women.

Adipose tissue dysfunction causes the development of metabolic complications, such as low-grade chronic inflammation, which may to alter copper homeostasis in obese individuals. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between markers of chronic inflammation and copper nutritional status in obese women. Cross-sectional study involved women aged 20-50 years, divided into two groups: case (BMI > 35 kg/m2) and control (18.5 > BMI > 24.9 kg/m2). Plasma and erythrocyte copper concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in the erythrocytes was determined with an automatic biochemical analyzer. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by using flow cytometer. Serum IL-6 concentrations were 105% higher in the case group compared to eutrophic women. Plasma copper concentrations were 20.5% higher, and erythrocyte copper concentrations were 23.5% lower in patients with obesity. In addition, erythrocyte SOD activity was 20% lower in obese participants when compared to eutrophic women. Our study identified significant negative correlation between the cytokines TNF-α and IL-10 and the SOD activity in the case group, suggesting a possible influence of chronic inflammation on copper distribution in obese individuals.

Magnesium parameters and their association with lipid metabolism markers in obese women

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether low magnesium concentration is related to increased cardiovascular risk in obese women. Methods: This case-control study included women, who were divided into two groups: case (BMI>35 kg/m2) and control group (18.5>BMI>24.9 kg/m2). Body weight, height, waist, neck and hip circumference were measured according to the methodology described by the Ministry of Health. The analyses of plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary magnesium concentrations were performed using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry method. The lipid fractions were analyzed according to the enzymatic colorimetric method using a Cobas Integra automatic biochemical analyzer. Results: Mean plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were lower in the obese women compared to the control group (p<0.05). The urinary excretion of this mineral showed a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05), and the obese women excreted a higher amount of magnesium in the urine. With regard to the cardiovascular risk parameters, obese women demonstrated higher values compared to the control group (p<0.05). The study showed a negative correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that obese women exhibit changes in nutritional status with regard to magnesium, with reduced concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, and increased concentration in the urine. However, the results do not suggest a role of magnesium in protection against cardiovascular risk factors in the patients evaluated in this study.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si una concentración baja de magnesio está relacionada con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres obesas. Métodos: Este estudio de casos y controles incluyó mujeres, que se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo de casos (IMC>35 kg/m2) y control (18,5>IMC>24,9 kg/m2). El peso corporal, la altura, la cintura, la circunferencia del cuello y la cadera se midieron según la metodología descrita por el Ministerio de Salud. Los análisis de las concentraciones de magnesio en plasma, eritrocitos y orina se realizaron utilizando el método de espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente. Las fracciones lipídicas se analizaron según el método colorimétrico enzimático utilizando un analizador bioquímico automático Cobas Integra. Resultados: Las concentraciones medias de magnesio en plasma y eritrocitos fueron menores en las mujeres obesas en comparación con el grupo de control (p<0.05). La excreción urinaria de este mineral mostró una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (p<0.05), y las mujeres obesas excretaron una mayor cantidad de magnesio en la orina. En cuanto a los parámetros de riesgo cardiovascular, las mujeres obesas mostraron valores más altos en comparación con el grupo control (p<0,05). El estudio mostró una correlación negativa entre el magnesio de los eritrocitos y la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en el grupo de control (p<0,05). Conclusión: Estos resultados indican que las mujeres obesas presentan cambios en el estado nutricional con respecto al magnesio, con concentraciones reducidas en el plasma y eritrocitos, y concentración aumentada en la orina. Sin embargo, los resultados no sugieren un papel del magnesio en la protección contra los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes evaluados en este estudio.

Hypomagnesemia and Its Relationship with Oxidative Stress Markers in Women with Breast Cancer.

Reduced serum magnesium concentrations in women with breast cancer compromises one of the antioxidant defense system involved in the carcinogenesis process. To evaluate parameters of magnesium, the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, and its relation with oxidative stress markers in women with breast cancer. A case-control study was conducted, involving 60 women in the age range between 29 and 65 years, divided into two groups: women with breast cancer (n = 30) and women without breast cancer (n = 30). Plasma; ionized, erythrocytic, and urinary magnesium intake; plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase enzyme activity were evaluated. The mean value of the amount of dietary magnesium was below the recommended level in both groups studied, with no statistical difference (p > 0.05). Plasma, ionized, and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations of women with breast cancer were reduced in relation to the control group (p < 0.0001) and inadequate according to the reference values. Urinary excretion was high, with a significant difference between groups (p < 0.0001). The mean concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was high in the study participants, with no significant statistical difference between the groups (p > 0.05). The mean values of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity were adequate, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Women with breast cancer have impaired magnesium homeostasis, characterized by its reduction in diet, plasma, and erythrocytes and its increase in urine.

Selenium Nutritional Status and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and Its Relationship with Hemodialysis Time in Individuals Living in a Brazilian Region with Selenium-Rich Soil.

Suboptimal selenium status may impair the antioxidant defense system in patients undergoing hemodialysis, compromising the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase activity. To evaluate the association between the duration of hemodialysis, nutritional selenium status, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis in a region of selenium-rich soils (Ceará, Northeast Brazil). The case-control study of 75 individuals aged 18 to 88 years was allocated between two groups: hemodialysis (n = 41) and control (n = 34). Plasma and erythrocytes selenium levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The GPx activity and TBARS levels were also evaluated. In addition, the hemodialysis group was stratified according to the duration of treatment (≤ 59 months and ≥ 60 months). The Mann-Whitney test, Student's t test, and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation were applied according to the data distribution. Moreover, a quantile regression was performed. The significance level (p) was < 0.05. The hemodialysis group had lower selenium levels in their plasma and erythrocytes than the control group (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in the GPx activity between the groups. Furthermore, an association between the hemodialysis group and selenium levels in plasma (coefficient - 16,343, p < 0.001) and erythrocytes (coefficient - 7839, p = 0.003) was observed by quantile regression, independent of age, sex, and body-mass index. In individuals who had undergone treatment for 60 months or more, GPx activity was lower (p = 0.026) and TBARS levels higher (p = 0.011) than in those who had undergone treatment for less than 60 months. The status of selenium was reduced in the hemodialysis group compared to the control group. The lower GPx activity and higher levels of TBARS in individuals who had undergone treatment for 60 months or more correlated with greater oxidative stress.

Nutritional status and vitamin A and zinc levels in patients with kala-azar in Piauí, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition and kala-azar (or visceral leishmaniasis) are significant public health problems in different parts of the world. Immunity and susceptibility to infectious and parasitic diseases are directly linked to the host's nutritional state, but little is known about the interaction between nutrition and kala-azar. This study aimed to evaluate nutritional status with kala-azar and correlate these findings with the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the disease, and zinc and retinol levels. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 139 patients with kala-azar. Nutritional status classification was performed according to international recommendations. Parametric or nonparametric tests were applied whenever indicated in a two-sided test with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Weight loss and malnutrition were more frequent in adults. Body mass index-for-age, fat area of the arm, and upper arm muscle area were significantly associated with probability of death. The presence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly was correlated with nutritional assessment. Blood leukocyte and lymphocyte, serum creatine, and vitamin A levels were significantly higher in adult men. Vitamin A levels were highly associated with the level of hemoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in multivariate analysis. All patients had reduced plasma zinc levels, but this finding had no association with the outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition was correlated with severe disease and was more prevalent in older people with kala-azar. Vitamin A deficiency was associated with hemoglobin and CRP. Zinc levels were reduced in patients with kala-azar.

Relationship between selenium status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Crohn disease (CD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and various factors involved in its pathogenesis including oxidative stress. The oxidative stress in CD may compromise antioxidant nutrients, such as selenium. The aim of this study was to assess the status of selenium and its relationship with markers of oxidative stress in patients with CD in comparison to controls. METHODS: The study included 47 patients with CD (20 with active disease and 27 in remission) and 25 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of plasma and erythrocyte selenium concentrations using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Selenoprotein P (SepP) was evaluated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) activity was assessed by using an automatic biochemistry analyzer, and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured. Comparative analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. For correlations, Pearson's coefficient test was used. The determinants for CD and lipid peroxidation were indicated by odds ratio. RESULTS: Plasma and erythrocyte selenium levels and SepP concentrations were lower in the CD patient groups than in the healthy group. GPx1 activity and the concentration of TBARS were significantly higher in the CD groups. In the univariate analysis, plasma and erythrocyte selenium and TBARS were associated with CD. CONCLUSION: Patients with CD have impaired selenium status, which is related to the increased oxidative stress observed in these patients.

The role of selenium in insulin resistance

ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been growing interest in clarifying the pathogenesis of some chronic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic alterations in these diseases are characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Studies have demonstrated the participation of minerals in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, more specifically their involvement in the synthesis and regulation of insulin. Selenium is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant micronutrient that is essential for the activity of selenoproteins. Two selenoproteins (glutathione peroxidase and selenoprotein P) are known to be involved in the insulin signaling pathway. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the role of selenium in insulin resistance mechanisms. Evidence shows that adequate concentrations of selenium play a key role in the secretion and action of insulin, but an excess of selenium in the body is associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the development of diabetes mellitus.

O impacto da padronização de vitamina K em dietas hospitalares / The impact of vitamin K standardization in hospital diets

Estudo prospectivo controlado que avaliou o impacto de modificações dietéticas padronizadas dos teores de vitaminaK em dietas hospitalares sobre o controle da anticoagulação oral crônica em pacientes internados, em uso de varfarina.O grupo intervenção recebeu dieta com teor padronizado de vitamina K e o grupo controle recebeu dieta sem essapadronização. Em ambos, o monitoramento da Razão Normalizada Internacional (RNI) foi realizado de acordo comprotocolo da equipe médica, sem interferência dos membros da pesquisa. Foram coletados dados sobre o consumoalimentar de vitamina K, o RNI, a dosagem de varfarina utilizada, e o tempo dispendido para normalização do RNI.O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de recordatório alimentar 24 horas a partir do início do uso de varfarinaaté a normalização do RNI. A amostra foi composta por 55 pacientes, sendo 29 no grupo controle e 26 no grupointervenção. A média de idade foi 55,47±17,52 anos, sendo 56,3% do sexo feminino e 49,1% idosos. O coeficiente devariação do consumo de vitamina K foi significativamente maior no grupo controle (0,45±0,22) quando comparado aogrupo intervenção (0,31±0,19), p=0,018. A dosagem média de varfarina utilizada foi significativamente menor no grupointervenção (5,30±1,42 mg/dia) quando comparado ao grupo controle (6,21±1,84mg/dia), p=0,044. Os dados obtidosmostraram que uma dieta hospitalar com quantidades padronizadas de vitamina K reduziu a dosagem de varfarinautilizada na normalização do RNI em pacientes anticoagulados orais. Por conseguinte, a dosagem menor de varfarinainduzida pela dieta pode reduzir o risco de eventos hemorrágicos, sobretudo em idosos

A prospective controlled study evaluating the impact of standardized dietary modifications on vitamin K levels in hospitaldiets of chronic oral, anticoagulated patients, using warfarin. The intervention group received a diet with a standardizedcontent of vitamin K and the control group received a diet without this standardization. In both, the InternationalNormalized Ratio (INR) was performed according to the medical staff's protocol, without interference from the researchgroup members. Data on dietary intake of vitamin K, INR, warfarin dosage, and the time taken for normalization ofINR were collected. Food intake was evaluated by a 24-hour food recall, starting from the beginning of warfarin useuntil the normalization of INR. The sample consisted of 55 patients, 29 patients in the control group and 26 patientsin the intervention group. The average age was 55.47 ± 17.52 years old, 56.3% were female, and 49.1% were elderly.The coefficient of variation in the consumption of vitamin K was significantly higher in the control group (0.45 ± 0.22)compared to the intervention group (0.31 ± 0.19); p = 0.018. The average dosage of warfarin use was significantly lowerin the intervention group (5.30 ± 1.42 mg / day) compared to the control group (6.21 ± 1,84mg / day); p = 0.044. Thedata showed that a hospital diet with standard amounts of vitamin K reduces the warfarin dosage to normalization of INRin oral anticoagulated patients. This result can reduce the risk of bleeding events, especially in the elderly

Development of enteral homemade diets for elderly persons receiving home care and analysis of macro and micronutrient composition / Desenvolvimento de dietas enterais semiartesanais para idosos em atenção domiciliar e análise da composição de macro e micronutrientes

Abstract Objective: the development and analysis of the macro and micronutrient composition of homemade enteral diets. Method: A standard homemade enteral diet was developed at three caloric concentrations - 1500, 1800 and 2100 Kcal. After preparation and testing of viscosity, stability, odor and color, plus evaluation of cost, the chemical composition of the nutrients of the diets were analytically determined. Folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin B12 values were calculated using chemical composition tables. The results were compared with recommended nutritional standards for the elderly. Result: The diets exhibited normal macronutrient distribution. The 1500 caloric level presented some mineral and vitamin deficiencies. Suitable values ​​were obtained at the other caloric levels for all minerals except magnesium. There were appropriate levels of all the vitamins in the 2100 Kcal diet, while vitamin E, D and B6 levels were below the recommended dietary allowances in the 1800 Kcal diet. Conclusion: The standard homemade enteral diets studied can contribute to the food and nutritional safety of elderly persons undergoing home care, if all are supplemented with magnesium and the 1800 Kcal diet is supplemented with vitamin E, D and B6. The 1500 Kcal diet was not nutritionally safe in terms of micronutrients. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Desenvolver e analisar a composição de macro e micronutrientes de dietas enterais semiartesanais para uso domiciliar. Método: Foi desenvolvida uma receita de dieta enteral semiartesanal padrão, com três concentrações calóricas, de 1500, 1800 e 2100 Kcal. Após o preparo e teste de viscosidade, estabilidade, odor, cor e custo as dietas tiveram a composição química de macro e micronutrientes analisada. O folato e vitamina D e B12 tiveram seus valores estimados por meio de tabelas de composição química. Os resultados encontrados foram comparados com as recomendações nutricionais para idosos. Resultado: As dietas apresentaram distribuição normal de macronutrientes. A dieta de 1500 Kcal apresentou diversas deficiências de minerais e vitaminas. Nos demais níveis calóricos, obteve-se valores adequados para todos os minerais exceto o magnésio. As vitaminas estavam todas adequadas no nível calórico de 2100 Kcal e no de 1800 Kcal, a vitamina E, D e B6 não alcançaram as recomendações dietéticas diárias. Conclusão: A dietas padrões desenvolvidas podem contribuir para segurança alimentar e nutricional de idosos em terapia nutricional domiciliar, desde que todas suplementadas com magnésio, e a de 1800 Kcal com vitamina E, D e B6. A fórmula de 1500 Kcal não se mostrou segura nutricionalmente no que tange aos micronutrientes. AU

Osmolality and pH in handmade enteral diets used in domiciliary enteral nutritional therapy

Patients who need prolonged domiciliary enteral nutritional therapy may benefit from handmade diets. However, the preparation of such diets might cause insecurity with regard to their nutritional composition and physical-chemical properties. Current study analyzes the osmolality and Hydrogen-Ion concentration (pH) on handmade enteral diets. To this purpose, six formulas and two juices, prescribed on discharge from hospital, were analyzed physically and chemically. Osmolality and pH were respectively determined by cryoscopy and potentiometry. Most formulations were classified as isosmolar (with less than 400 mOsm/kg solvent), and only one was classified as slightly hyperosmolar, with rates ranging from 356.7 to 403.5 mOsm/kg solvent. On average, the standard formula presented higher osmolality than similar ones prepared for hyperglycemia. Among the juices, only one registered hyperosmolar concentration of 595.54 mOsm/kg solvent. All formulas presented pH rates classified as low acidity, ranging between 6.1 and 6.6, while the two juices had the lowest results, 4.73 and 4.66 each. The blend of ingredients used in handmade formulas and juices studied presented acceptable osmolality and pH rates for a safe administration and absence of gastrointestinal complications. Data showed here are consistent with an appropriate and healthy diet and contributed towards success in domiciliary enteral nutritional therapy.

Propriedades físico-químicas e nutricionais de dietas enterais artesanais produzidas a partir de vegetais de baixa carga glicêmica / Physico-chemical and nutritional properties of handmade enteral diets produced from vegetables of low glycemic load

O propósito desse estudo foi elaborar dietas enterais artesanais, para uso por pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral Domiciliar estabilizados e com expectativa de uso prolongado ou permanente da via enteral, a partir de uma formulação contendo fontes vegetais de baixa carga glicêmica e teores significativos de fibra alimentar. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas e nutricionais das dietas enterais artesanais produzidas a partir de vegetais de baixa carga glicêmica, oferecendo alternativas de baixo custo para a nutrição e controle da glicemia e metabolismo glicídico para indivíduos em uso domiciliar de dietas enterais. Foram estabelecidas 18 combinações classificadas em 3 grupos, utilizando diferentes vegetais, acrescidos de maltodextrina, albumina, óleo de soja e amido de milho até que a fórmula obtivesse a proporção de 1 kcal/mL. Verificou-se a fluidez e estabilidade das dietas, além da realização de análise bromatológica de macro e micronutrientes. Todas as dietas formuladas foram caracterizadas como normocalóricas, normoprotéicas e normolipídicas. O teor médio de fibra alimentar dos 3 grupos de dietas foi de 1,83 g/100 mL, sendo 0,87 g (47%) de fibra solúvel, atingindo valores próximos às recomendações diárias. Em relação aos micronutrientes, as dietas prescritas para um dia atingiram 71% das necessidades recomendadas de ferro, 116% das de cobre, 48% das de zinco, 32% das de cálcio, 110% das de fósforo, 46% das de potássio, 50% das de magnésio, 90% das de manganês, 25% das de selênio e 39% das de sódio. A partir dos dados analisados neste trabalho, é possível concluir que as dietas formuladas possuem um perfil de macronutrientes que atendem as necessidades de um indivíduo adulto. No tocante aos minerais, essa adequação é parcial e ajustes são necessários. As características de cor, fluidez e estabilidade fazem dessas dietas uma opção importante para uso domiciliar, podendo contribuir para a diminuição de custos e aumento da aceitação desse tipo de alimentação.

The purpose of this study was to elaborate handmade enteral diets for use by patients in stabilized enteral home therapy and with an expectation of extend or permanent use of the enteral route from a formulation containing vegetal sources of low glycemic load and significant levels of dietary fiber. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and nutritional properties of handmade enteral diets produced from vegetables with low glycemic load, offering low-cost alternatives for nutrition and control of glycemic metabolism for people using enteral diets. Eighteen food combinations were established in 3 groups, using different vegetables associated with maltodextrin, albumin, soybean oil and cornstarch until the formula obtained the ratio of 1 kcal / mL. The fluidity and stability of the diets were verified, as well as the macromicronutrient and bromatological markers. All diets formulated were characterized as normocaloric, normoprotein and normolipidic. The average dietary fiber content of the three groups of diets was 1.83 g / 100 mL, being 0.87 g (47%) of soluble fiber, reaching values close to daily recommendations. In the case of micronutrients, caloric values prescribed for one day reached 71% of recommended iron requirements, 116% of copper, 48% of zinc, 32% of calcium, 110% of phosphorus, 46% of potassium, 50% of magnesium, 90% of manganese, 25% of selenium and 39% of sodium. From the data analyzed in this study, it is possible to conclude that the formulated diets have a macronutrient profile that meets the needs of an normal adult. Regarding minerals, this availability is partial and adjustments are required. The characteristics of color, fluidity and stability make these diets an important option for home use, which may contribute to lower costs and increase the acceptance of this type of food therapy.

Lipid profile and glycemic response of rats fed on a semi-purified diet supplemented with Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom / Perfil lipídico e resposta glicêmica de ratos alimentados com uma ração semi-purificada suplementada com o cogumelo Agaricus brasiliensis

The search for more healthy alimentary habits has stimulated the study of new food sources. Edible mushrooms, such as the genus Agaricus, may be underscored. Current assay evaluates the dietary influence of diets supplemented with the mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis on the metabolic profile of lipids and glycemic behavior in rats. A trial with 28 male Wistar rats in 4 groups with 7 rats each was carried out during 32 days. Diets given to these groups were AIN-93 (CAS) for Group 1; AIN-93 with 1% cholesterol (CAS + COL) for Group 2; the same for Group 3 and 4, but supplemented with or without mushrooms [ (COG) and (COG + COL) respectively]. Analyses of all samples for cholesterol, triacylglycerols, hepatic cholesterol and hepatic lipids on the 32nd day showed that Agaricus mushroom modified the lipid profile, reduced total cholesterol by 16% and triacylglycerols by 26.9% and increased HDL by 60.2%, coupled to reduction of lipid and cholesterol levels in the liver and a higher elimination of lipids in the stool. Glycemic curve decreased significantly between fifteen and sixty minutes in rats fed on Agaricus supplemented diets.

A busca por hábitos alimentares saudáveis tem incentivado o estudo de novas fontes alimentares. Destacam-se os cogumelos comestíveis, como os do gênero Agaricus. Este trabalho avaliou a influência da ração semi-purificada, suplementada com o cogumelo Agaricus brasiliensis no perfil de lipídios, em ratos. Foi realizado experimento com 28 ratos machos Wistar, em 32 dias. Os animais foram separados em quatro grupos de sete dos quais o primeiro recebeu dieta AIN-93 (CAS), o segundo recebeu dieta AIN-93 adicionada de 1% de colesterol (CAS + COL) e o terceiro e o quarto grupos foram alimentados com dieta AIN-93 suplementada com cogumelos sem (COG) e com (COG + COL) adição de colesterol a 1%, respectivamente. No 32.º dia, amostras foram coletadas para análises de colesterol, triglicerídeos, colesterol hepático da gordura hepática. O estudo mostrou que Agaricus brasiliensis influenciou o perfil lipídico, diminuindo o colesterol total (-16%) e os triglicérides (- 26,9%), além de aumentar o HDL (+ 60,2%). É possível afirmar que nutrientes contidos em Agaricus brasiliensis são moduladores do perfil lipídico de ratos, diminuindo a deposição de lipídios hepáticos e aumentando a sua eliminação fecal. A curva glicêmica mostrou declínio significativo entre quinze e sessenta minutos em ratos alimentados com dieta contendo o cogumelo.

Avaliação in vivo da qualidade protéica do champignon do Brasil (Agaricusbrasiliensis Wasser et al. ) / In vivo protein quality evaluation of champignon do Brasil (Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser et al. )

OBJETIVO: O trabalho aqui descrito trata da avaliação de uma dieta experimental contendo Champingnon do Brasil (Agaricus brasiliensis) como fonte de proteína em um modelo experimental de ratos. MÉTODOS: Para este propósito, foram selecionados 24 ratos Wistar machos, recém desmamados (21 dias) divididos em 3 grupos de 8 animais cada, que foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão de caseína, ou com uma dieta experimental de proteína de Agaricus brasiliensis ambas contendo 10% de proteína e isoenergéticas ou ainda, com uma dieta com muito baixo teor de proteína. O ensaio biológico foi realizado em 28 dias, ao longo dos quais se determinou a concentração de nitrogênio na urina e nas fezes, além dos cálculos do Quociente de Eficiência Alimentar (ganho de peso dividido pelo consumo de dieta), do Quociente de Eficiência Protéica (ganho de peso dividido pelo consumo de proteína), da Razão Protéica Líquida (ganho de peso corrigido dividido pelo consumo de proteína) e da Digestibilidade Verdadeira. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que quando o Champignon do Brasil foi utilizado como fonte exclusiva de proteína na dieta, os índices de qualidade protéica apresentaram-se baixos (Quociente de Eficiência Alimentar=0,08, Quociente de Eficiência Protéica=0,92 e Razão Protéica Líquida=3,00), quando comparados com a dieta padrão caseína (Quociente de Eficiência Alimentar=0,30, Quociente de Eficiência Protéica=3,05 e Razão Protéica Líquida=4,21). Os índices obtidos para o grupo Agaricus mostraram-se comparáveis àqueles apresentados por alguns tipos de proteína vegetal e podem ser explicados por sua limitação em aminoácidos essenciais, notadamente a lisina e a leucina, respectivamente primeiro e segundo aminoácido limitante. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados apontam para a utilização da proteína do Agaricus brasiliensis como uma boa fonte para complementação protéica, quando combinada com outras culturas vegetais comuns na dieta típica brasileira.

OBJECTIVE: The present work describes the biological evaluation of an experimental diet containing Champingnon do Brasil (Agaricus brasiliensis) as the main protein source for a rat experimental model. METHODS: For this purpose, 24 21-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each and were fed with a standard casein diet or an experimental Agaricus diet both with 10% protein and isoenergetic or a very low protein diet. A biological assay was done for 28 days by determining the concentration of nitrogen in the urine and stools and calculating the Food Efficiency Ratio (weight gain divided by food intake), Protein Efficiency Ratio (weight gain divided by protein intake), Net Protein Ratio (corrected weight gain divided by protein intake) and True Digestibility. RESULTS: The results showed that when Champignon do Brasil was used as the only source of protein in the diet, the Protein Quality indices were low (Food Efficiency Ratio=0.08, Protein Efficiency Ratio=0.92 and Net Protein Ratio=3.00) when compared with the standard casein diet (Food Efficiency Ratio=0.30, Protein Efficiency Ratio=3.05 and Net Protein Ratio=4.21). The indices obtained for Agaricus were comparable to some plant protein sources and can be explained by the first and second limiting amino acids, lysine and leucine, respectively. CONCLUSION: The data show that Agaricus brasiliensis is a good source of protein when combined with other vegetables that are common in the typical Brazilian diet.

[Evaluation of the aroreira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) in the healing process of surgical incision in the bladder of rats]. / Avaliação da ação da Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas em bexiga de ratos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hydroalcoholic aroeira extract in the healing process of surgical incisions in the bladder of rats in an experimental comparative study. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were used. All of them underwent a median abdominal incision, with an 1cm cystotomy, followed by one plain suture with separated stitches of poliglactine 910 5-0. The animals were then divided into two groups of 20 rats each, and named the aroeira group (GA) and the control group (GC). In the first one, 80% hydro-alcoholic plant extract was injected in the peritoneal cavity, in a one dose of 100mg/kg. The second group, a 0.9% saline solution was injected in place of aroeira extract. Each group was divided into two subgroups (SGA and SGC) of 10 animals. According to their scheduled death, they were named subgroups SGA3 and SGC3 when killed in the 3th day after surgery and subgroups SGA7 and SGC7 in the 7th day. The abdominal cavity and the bladder suture were macroscopically evaluated. RESULTS: The microscopic analysis of the surgical incision in the bladder was performed by means of the hematoxilin-eosine stain and the trichrome of Masson. The macroscopic analysis showed an infection in the surgical incision in three rats of the SGC group and in one of the SGA, and peritoneal adhesion in the 26 rats belonging nine to SGC and 17 in the SGA. The microscopic evaluation revealed a more severe acute inflammation process in the SGC on the 3th (p=0.045) and in the 7th (0=0.002) days. In the SGA, a more significant collagenization (p=0.001) could be seen, as far as the evidence of vascular neoformation (p=0.002) on the 3rd day. Chronic inflammatory reaction (p=0.006) and a more intense vascular neoformation (p=0.001) were observed in the 7th day. CONCLUSION: The hydroalcoholic aroeira extract had a favorable effect in the healing process of cystotomies done in rats.

[Comparative study of the healing process of gastrographies with and without the use of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (bellyache bush) extract in rats]. / Estudo comparativo da cicatrização de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (pião roxo) em ratos.

INTRODUCTION: The healing process of the gastrointestinal tract is of huge importance in the surgical field history, as well as the search for appropriate types of threads and suture techniques and the many factors that influence it. The use of phytotherapic drugs as accelerators of the healing process has been done for many years and is one of the current objectives of scientific researches trying to prove its therapeutic properties. PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. extract on the healing process of gastrographies in rats. METHODS: Forty wistar male rats were divided in 2 groups of 20 rats, named control and Jatropha groups. Ten animals of each group were killed in the third day post-surgery and were named control and Jatropha groups of the 3rd day. The remaining 10 animals of each group were killed in the seventh day and were named accordingly for the 7th day. In each animal, gastrostomy and gastrography were performed in a single plane using polypropylene thread 6-0 (Prolene). The animals from the Jatropha group were given a single dose of 200 mg/kg of the Jatropha gossypiifolia L. extract intraperitoneally on the same day of the procedure and the ones from the control group were given the same quantity in milliliters (ml), but of saline solution (sodium chloride 0.9%). The following parameters were evaluated: 1) macroscopic alterations; 2) the suture's resistance to atmospheric air insufflation (pressure of rupture); 3) histologic characteristics. RESULTS: No animal died during the clinical follow-up and optimal healing of the abdominal wall was seen without any signs of infection, dehiscence, abscesses or peritonitis. Healing of the serous surface was considered good in all animals, without occurrence of fistulas; however, intraperitoneal adhesions occurred in 7 rats of the sub-group control and 9 of the sub-group Jatropha on the 3rd day post-operative and in 9 of the sub-group control and 8 of the sub-group Jatropha on the 7th day, but the differences were not statistically significant between the groups. Healing of the mucous surface was classified as good in all the animals. The resistance of the gastrographies to the atmospheric air insufflation showed statistically significant increase of the rupture pressure in the Jatropha group during the 3rd day of observation. Histologic evaluation showed differences that were statistically significant, considered the criteria, as well as reduced acute inflammatory reaction and better coaptation of the edges in the sub-group Jatropha of 7th post-surgery, when compared to the sub-group control of the same period. CONCLUSION: The raw extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. aids the healing on the 3rd day post-surgery, concerning the enhanced resistance of the gastrographies to pressure of rupture, and on the 7th day, presenting better coaptation of the edges and reducing acute inflammatory reaction by microscopic analyses.

Avaliação do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em ratos / Evaluation of the use of raw extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. in the healing process of skin wounds in rats

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de fitoterápicos na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas tem sido incrementado nos últimos anos com a busca de princípios ativos que desempenhe efetivo papel neste processo acelerando a recuperação cirúrgica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os aspectos morfológicos do processo cicatricial de feridas cutâneas abertas de ratos com uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 60 ratos da linhagem Wistar. Em cada animal foi realizada uma ferida de 2 cm de diâmetro na região dorsal. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 30: grupo Controle – sem tratamento e grupo Jatropha – aplicação de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três subgrupos de 10 animais e avaliados no 7º, 14º e 21º dias do pós-operatório. Realizou-se estudo comparativo entre os dois grupos através da análise macroscópica, a planigrafia digital e análise histológica tendo como parâmetro a proliferação vascular, polimorfonucleares, mononucleares, proliferação fibroblástica, colagenização e reepitelização. RESULTADOS: Na evolução da ferida cutânea tanto no grupo controle como no grupo Jatropha houve exsudação plasmática com formação de crostas superficiais até o 7º dia. A partir dai houve espessamento da crosta e no 14º dia a crosta se destacou, evoluindo para tecido de granulação e epitelização completa no 21º dia com surgimento de novos pelos ao redor da lesão, em todos os animais. Houve ausência significativa da inflamação aguda no 21º dia pós-operatório do grupo Jatropha. Houve diferença significativa na intensidade da inflamação crônica, sendo mais intensa no 7º dia no grupo controle. A proliferação fibroblástica foi mais acentuada no 7º dia pós-operatório do grupo Jatropha, sendo semelhante no 14º e 21º dias pós-operatórios nos demais. A colagenização foi maior no 7º e 14º dias no grupo Jatropha. A re-epitelização foi significativamente melhor no 7º dia do grupo Jatropha. CONCLUSÃO: Embora mostrando melhora histológica...

INTRODUCTION: Phytotherapy is one of the research branches in the healing process of surgical wounds. PURPOSE: To analyze the morphological aspects of the healing process occurring in open skin lesions in rats under administration of raw extract from Jatropha Gossypiifolia L. METHOD: Sixty Wistar rats were utilized. A 2cm wound in diameter was done in each animal at the dorsal region. The animals were divided into two groups, each one consisting of 30 animals. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of ten. They were analyzed in the 7th, 14th and 21st post-operative day. The two groups were compared through macroscopic analysis using digital planigraphy and histological examination. The microscopic parameters considered were the vascular proliferation, polymorph and mononuclear cells, fibroblastic proliferation, collagen and epithelium formation. RESULTS: Epitelization occurred in a same amount in all animals. There was no chronic inflamation on 21st day in the Jatropha group and also no difference in polimorphonuclear cells between the groups. The fibroblastic reaction was better on the 7th day in the Jatropha group and equal in the remaining ones. Colagenization was greater on 7th and 14th days in Jatropha and better re-epitelization occurred in the same group in the 7th day. CONCLUSION: Although with hystologic aspects favoring the Jatropha, no significant differences concerning to the macroscopic and microscopic aspects were observed among the skin wounds receiving raw extract Jatropha and those that received no treatment in the final evaluation.

Estudo comparativo da cicatrização de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (pião roxo) em ratos / Comparative study of the healing process of gastrorrhaphies with and without the use of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (bellyache bush) extract in rats

INTRODUÇÃO:A cicatrização do trato gastrintestinal é de grande importância na história da cirurgia, buscando-se tipos de fios e pontos apropriados e os diversos fatores que a influenciam. O uso de fitoterápicos como aceleradores da cicatrização tem sido feito por muitos anos sendo objetivo atual de pesquisas para a comprovação científica dessas propriedades terapêuticas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. na cicatrização de gastrorrafias em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, machos, divididos em dois grupos de 20, denominados de grupos controle e Jatropha. Dez animais de cada grupo foram mortos no 3º dia pós-operatório e denominados subgrupos controle e Jatropha do 3º dia e os 10 restantes de cada grupo foram mortos no 7º dia com a mesma denominação do 7º dia. Em cada animal foi realizado gastrotomia e gastrorrafia em plano único com fio polipropileno 6-0 (Prolene®, Ethicon). Os animais do grupo Jatropha receberam dose única de 200mg/Kg do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L via intraperitoneal no dia do procedimento e os do grupo controle a mesma quantidade em mililitros de solução salina (cloreto de sódio à 0,9%). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: 1) alterações macroscópicas; 2) a resistência à insuflação de ar atmosférico (pressão de ruptura) da sutura; 3) características histológicas. RESULTADOS: Não houve morte dos animais na evolução clínica, ocorrendo boa cicatrização da parede abdominal, com ausência de sinais de infecção, deiscência, abscessos ou peritonites. A cicatrização da superfície serosa foi considerada boa em todos os animais, não ocorrendo fístulas, porém, as aderências intra-peritoneais ocorreram em sete ratos do subgrupo controle e nove do subgrupo Jatropha do 3º dia pós-operatório e em nove do subgrupo controle e oito do subgrupo Jatropha do 7º dia, não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. A cicatrização da superfície mucosa foi classificada como boa em todos os animais. A resistência das gastrorrafias à insuflação de ar atmosférico demonstrou aumento estatisticamente significante da pressão de ruptura no grupo Jatropha do 3º dia de observação. A avaliação histológica demonstrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes, quanto aos critérios, reação inflamatória aguda menor e coaptação das bordas maior no subgrupo Jatropha do 7º dia pós-operatório em relação ao grupo controle do mesmo período. CONCLUSÃO: O extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. favorece a cicatrização no 3º dia pós-operatório em relação à maior resistência das gastrorrafias à pressão de ruptura, e no 7º dia com melhor coaptação das bordas e reduzindo reação inflamatória aguda à microscopia.

INTRODUCTION: The healing process of the gastrointestinal tract is of huge importance in the surgical field history, as well as the search for appropriate types of threads and suture techniques and the many factors that influence it. The use of phytotherapic drugs as accelerators of the healing process has been done for many years and is one of the current objectives of scientific researches trying to prove its therapeutic properties. PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. extract on the healing process of gastrorraphies in rats. METHODS: Forty wistar male rats were divided in 2 groups of 20 rats, named control and Jatropha groups. Ten animals of each group were killed in the third day post-surgery and were named control and Jatropha groups of the 3rd day. The remaining 10 animals of each group were killed in the seventh day and were named accordingly for the 7th day. In each animal, gastrostomy and gastrorraphy were performed in a single plane using polypropylene thread 6-0 (Prolene). The animals from the Jatropha group were given a single dose of 200 mg/kg of the Jatropha gossypiifolia L. extract intraperitoneally on the same day of the procedure and the ones from the control group were given the same quantity in milliliters (ml), but of saline solution (sodium chloride 0.9%). The following parameters were evaluated: 1) macroscopic alterations; 2) the suture's resistance to atmospheric air insufflation (pressure of rupture); 3) histologic characteristics. RESULTS: No animal died during the clinical follow-up and optimal healing of the abdominal wall was seen without any signs of infection, dehiscence, abscesses or peritonitis. Healing of the serous surface was considered good in all animals, without occurrence of fistulas; however, intraperitoneal adhesions occurred in 7 rats of the sub-group control and 9 of the sub-group Jatropha on the 3rd day post-operative and in 9 of the sub-group control and 8 of the sub-group Jatropha on the 7th day, but the differences were not statistically significant between the groups. Healing of the mucous surface was classified as good in all the animals. The resistance of the gastrorraphies to the atmospheric air insufflation showed statistically significant increase of the rupture pressure in the Jatropha group during the 3rd day of observation. Histologic evaluation showed differences that were statistically significant, considered the criteria, as well as reduced acute inflammatory reaction and better coaptation of the edges in the sub-group Jatropha of 7th post-surgery, when comparet to the sub-group control of the same period. CONCLUSION: The raw extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. aids the healing on the 3rd day post-surgery, concerning the enhanced resistance of the gastrorraphies to pressure of rupture, and on the 7th day, presenting better coaptation of the edges and reducing acute inflammatory reaction by microscopic analyses.

Avaliação da ação da Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas em bexiga de ratos / Evaluation of the aroreira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) in the healing process of surgical incision in the bladder of rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ação cicatrizante do extrato hidroalcoólico da aroeira em bexigas de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, divididos em dois grupos de 20, denominados grupo aroeira (GA) e grupo controle (GC). Todos foram submetidos à incisão abdominal mediana com cistotomia de 1 cm, seguida de cistorrafia em plano único com pontos separados de poliglactina 910 5-0 (Vicryl®). Após este procedimento, nos animais GA injetou-se 100mg por quilo de peso de extrato hidroalcoólico da aroeira na cavidade peritoneal e nos GC injetou-se 1 ml por quilo de peso de solução salina a 0,9 por cento . Cada grupo foi dividido em dois sub-grupos de 10 animais de acordo com a data da morte: sub-grupo A3 e C3, sacrificados no 3° dia pós-operatório e sub-grupo A7 e C7, sacrificados no 7° dia. A parede, a cavidade abdominal e a sutura da bexiga foram avaliadas macroscopicamente. Amostras de tecido da bexiga foram retiradas e analisadas histologicamente, utilizando a coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e tricrômio de Masson. RESULTADOS: Na análise macroscópica observou-se infecção na incisão cirúrgica em três ratos do GC e em um do GA, e aderências peritoneais em 29 ratos do GC controle e 17 no GA. A avaliação microscópica mostrou processo inflamatório agudo mais severo no 3° (p=0,045) e no 7° dia (p=0,002). Evidenciou-se ainda diferença estatística nos parâmetros utilizados para a avaliação histológica da cicatrização da bexiga nas variáveis colagenização (p = 0.001), reepitelização (p = 0,046) e neoformação (p = 0) nos subgrupos GC e GA no 3° dia e na variável neoformação vascular (p=0,001) no subgrupo do 7° dia. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de extrato hidroalcoólico de aroeira mostrou efeito cicatrizante favorável nas cistotomias em ratos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hydroalcoholic aroeira extract in the healing process of surgical incisions in the bladder of rats in an experimental comparative study. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were used. All of them underwent a median abdominal incision, with an 1cm cistotomy, followed by one plan suture with separated stitches of poliglactine 910 5-0. The animals were then divided into two groups of 20 rats each, and named the aroeira group (GA) and the control group (GC). In the first one, 80 percent hydro-alcoholic plant extract was injected in the peritoneal cavity, in a one dose of 100mg/kg. The second group, a 0.9 percent saline solution was injected in place of aroeira extract. Each group was divided into two subgroups (SGA and SGC) of 10 animals. According to their scheduled death, they were named subgroups SGA3 and SGC3 when killed in the 3th day after surgery and subgroups SGA7 and SGC7 in the 7th day. The abdominal cavity and the bladder suture were macroscopically evaluated. RESULTS: The microscopic analysis of the surgical incision in the bladder was performed by means of the hematoxilin-eosine stain and the trichrome of Masson. The macroscopic analysis showed an infection in the surgical incision in three rats of the SGC group and in one of the SGA, and peritoneal adhesion in the 26 rats belonging nine to SGC and 17 in the SGA. The microscopic evaluation revealed a more severe acute inflammation process in the SGC on the 3th (p=0.045) and in the 7th (0=0.002) days. In the SGA, a more significant colagenization (p=0.001) could be seen, as far as the evidence of vascular neoformation (p=0.002) on the 3th day. Chronic inflammatory reaction (p=0.006) and a more intense vascular neoformation (p=0.001) were observed in the 7th day. CONCLUSION: The hydroalcoholic aroeira extract have a favorable effect in the healing process of cystotomies done in rats.

Transcrição reversa na determinação da expressão do mRNA para a enzima conversora de angiotensina testicular em animais tratados com zinco / Assessment of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique in the determination of the mRNA expression for the testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme in zinc treated rats

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi otimizar as condições reacionais capazes de ocasionar variabilidade e de introduzir erros sistemáticos na reação em cadeia pela polimerase aplicada à análise da expressão gênica da isoforma testicular da enzima conversora de angiotensina. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se a concentração de cDNA, a concentração dos iniciadores, a temperatura de hibridização e o número de ciclos de desnaturação, hibridização e extensão. Para tanto, extraiu-se o RNA total por meio da reação com fenol-clorofórmio e isotiocianato de guanidina de amostras de testículos de ratos Wistar alimentados com uma ração contendo zinco. Em seguida, gerou-se o cDNA por transcrição reversa. Utilizando-se iniciadores específicos, amplificaram-se o gene de interesse (isoforma testicular da enzima conversora de angiotensina) e o gene controle Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato-Desidrogenase. As amostras foram então aplicadas em gel de agarose e submetidas à eletroforese, coradas em brometo de etídio e visualizadas sob luz ultravioleta. RESULTADOS: Demonstrou-se que a melhor condição reacional para a reação em cadeia pela polimerase da isoforma testicular da enzima conversora de angiotensina e do Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato-Desidrogenase foi: (1) concentração inicial de cDNA de 2µg, (2) concentração de iniciadores de 200nM, (3) temperatura de hibridização entre 57,5°C e 60,1°C e (4) 33 ciclos. CONCLUSÃO: Com essa otimização pôde-se minimizar as interferências sobre a técnica, contribuindo-se para a obtenção de dados comparativos a respeito da expressão gênica da enzima conversora de angiotensina testicular.