RESUMO
Cylindrical specimens are of great interest in analyzing mechanical elements' behavior and investigating phenomena with biaxial loads. It is necessary to identify the behavior of the crack front along the thickness to interpret these results, which are usually based on the hypothesis of a straight crack and the observation of the outer face of the crack front. Based on the work carried out on compact tension type specimens, this work proposes adapting this methodology to cylindrical specimens, adapting the previous finite element models. Cylindrical specimens provide an asymmetric behavior influenced by the radius, where the CT (compact tensile) specimen can be considered the extreme infinite radius case. Combinations of the load level and radius values help us simulate the crack's behavior under intermediate hypotheses between a plane crack theory and a three-dimensional one. The plastic strain around the crack front will be analyzed as a function of the thickness and the load level applied. The results allow us to validate the numerical methodology and establish the differentiated behaviors of the plastic zones close to the outer and inner radii.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer survivors have to develop coping strategies during the diagnosis and survivorship period. This study aims to identify coping strategies in patients with colorectal cancer, in particular the differences between coping strategies during the disease and throughout survival. It also aims to investigate the impact of some social determinants on coping strategies and critically reflect on the influence of positive psychology. METHODS: Qualitative study with in-depth interviews of a purposive sample of 21 colorectal cancer survivors in Majorca (Spain), developed between 2017-2019. Data was analysed using interpretive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We observed different coping strategies during the stages of disease and survival. However, striving toward acceptance and adaptation when facing difficulties and uncertainty, predominate in both stages. Confrontational attitudes are also considered important, as well as encouraging positive rather than negative feelings, which are considered unhelpful and to be avoided. CONCLUSIONS: Although coping during illness and survival can be classified into common categories (problem and emotion-centred strategies), the challenges of these stages are faced differently. Age, gender and the cultural influence of positive psychology strongly influence both stages and strategies.
RESUMO
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a process involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Many researchers have described microglia as a key component in regulating the formation and migration of new neurons along the rostral migratory stream. Caspase-3 is a cysteine-aspartate-protease classically considered as one of the main effector caspases in the cell death program process. In addition to this classical function, we have identified the role of this protein as a modulator of microglial function; however, its action on neurogenic processes is unknown. The aim of the present study is to identify the role of Caspase-3 in neurogenesis-related microglial functions. To address this study, Caspase-3 conditional knockout mice in the microglia cell line were used. Using this tool, we wanted to elucidate the role of this protein in microglial function in the hippocampus, the main region in which adult neurogenesis takes place. After the reduction of Caspase-3 in microglia, mutant mice showed a reduction of microglia in the hippocampus, especially in the dentate gyrus region, a region inherently associated to neurogenesis. In addition, we found a reduction in doublecortin-positive neurons in conditional Caspase-3 knockout mice, which corresponds to a reduction in neurogenic neurons. Furthermore, using high-resolution image analysis, we also observed a reduction in the phagocytic capacity of microglia lacking Caspase-3. Behavioral analysis using object recognition and Y-maze tests showed altered memory and learning in the absence of Caspase-3. Finally, we identified specific microglia located specifically in neurogenic niche positive for Galectin 3 which colocalized with Cleaved-Caspase-3 in control mice. Taken together, these results showed the essential role of Caspase-3 in microglial function and highlight the relevant role of this specific microglial phenotype in the maintenance of AHN in the hippocampus.
Assuntos
Caspase 3 , Hipocampo , Microglia , Animais , Camundongos , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Camundongos Knockout , Microglia/metabolismo , Neurogênese/fisiologiaRESUMO
Emerging and/or re-emerging viral diseases such as dengue and Zika are a worldwide concern. Therefore, new antiviral therapeutics are necessary. In this sense, a non-structural protein with methyltransferase (MTase) activity is an attractive drug target because it plays a crucial role in dengue and Zika virus replication. Different drug strategies such as virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics have identified new inhibitors that bind on the MTase active site. Therefore, in this review, we analyze MTase inhibitors, including S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) analogs, nitrogen-containing heterocycles (pyrimidine, adenosine, and pyridine), urea derivatives, and natural products. Advances in the design of MTase inhibitors could lead to the optimization of a possible single or broad-spectrum antiviral drug against dengue and Zika virus.
Assuntos
Arbovírus , Dengue , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Arbovírus/metabolismo , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais , Antivirais/química , Metiltransferases , Dengue/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção por Zika virus/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
In this work, a natural deep eutectic solvent was used for the liquid-liquid microextraction of fourteen phthalates and one adipate from bottled waters. The methodology was validated in terms of matrix effect, linearity, recovery, and limits of quantification (LOQs). Optimum extraction conditions (10 mL of water at pH 8.0 with 100 µL of thymol: menthol 2:1 (n/n) as solvent) provided satisfactory determination coefficients (≥ 0.9977), recovery values (82-127%), and LOQs (0.018-0.523 µg/L). The effects of temperature and storage time on plasticizer presence were studied for 36 different brands stored at 4 °C, room temperature, and 45 °C, and analyzed at 0, 24, 48, 72 h, and 1 week. Only diethyl-, dibutyl-, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate were detected. The results showed that there is no relationship between the storage conditions, the bottle material or water carbonation, and the occurrence of these plasticizers, suggesting that residues are introduced during production or by the water supply. The estimated daily intake was lower than the total daily intake set by the European Food Safety Authority.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Microextração em Fase Líquida , Plastificantes , Temperatura , Solventes , Adipatos/análiseRESUMO
Accumulating evidence suggests that microglia and peripheral immune cells may play determinant roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Consequently, there is a need to take advantage of immune-related models of PD to study the potential contribution of microglia and peripheral immune cells to the degeneration of the nigrostriatal system and help develop potential therapies for PD. In this review, we have summarised the main PD immune models. From a historical perspective, we highlight first the main features of intranigral injections of different pro-inflammogens, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thrombin, neuromelanin, etc. The use of adenoviral vectors to promote microglia-specific overexpression of different molecules in the ventral mesencephalon, including α-synuclein, IL-1ß, and TNF, are also presented and briefly discussed. Finally, we summarise different models associated with peripheral inflammation whose contribution to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is now an outstanding question. Illustrative examples included systemic LPS administration and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rodents.
Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson , alfa-Sinucleína , Animais , Sulfato de Dextrana , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Microglia/metabolismo , Modelos Animais , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Substância Negra/patologia , Trombina , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To identify preoperative factors that influence the outcomes of gastric bypass surgery, in terms of excess weight loss at 24 months. METHODS: This retrospective study included two groups of patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. Group A (poor outcomes) had ≤ 50%EWL or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; group B (excellent outcomes) had ≥ 80%EWL at 24 months. A comparative analysis of demography, anthropometry, comorbidities, and metabolic status was performed. A linear regression model was used to evaluate %EWL association; the number of preoperative and postoperative consultations were also compared. RESULTS: A total of 202 patients completed follow-up; 71 (35.1%) and 78 (38%) had poor and excellent outcomes (%EWL 44.1 ± 9.4% vs. 92 ± 10.9%), respectively. Mean age was 40.4 ± 8.9 years. Patients with poor outcomes had higher weight and BMI, lesser preoperative %EWL, higher dyslipidemia and diabetes rates with longer periods of evolution, and increased HbA1c% levels. In the linear regression analysis, preoperative %EWL and initial and preoperative BMI were statistically significant determinants of %EWL at 24 months Diabetes remission was 46.2% (group A) vs. 66.6% (group B). Group A had higher non-attendance rates after surgery. CONCLUSION: The factors independently associated with greater %EWL at 24 months between groups were higher preoperative %EWL, and lower initial and preoperative BMI.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Derivação Gástrica , Laparoscopia , Obesidade Mórbida , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Mórbida/complicações , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Redução de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass continues to be one of the most performed bariatric surgeries because of its adequate balance of outcomes, complications, and durability. Recently, the role of the biliopancreatic limb on weight loss and co-morbidity control has gained attention because it seems to have a positive impact based on limb length. OBJECTIVE: To compare results at 12 months of a "standard" (group 1) versus a long (group 2) biliopancreatic limb bypass. Biliopancreatic limbs were 50 cm and 200 cm, and alimentary limbs were 150 cm and 50 cm, respectively. SETTING: Academic Referal Center; Mexico City; Public Seeting. METHODS: Randomized study with patients undergoing both types of surgeries at a single academic center from 2016 to 2018. The analysis included weight loss, co-morbidity control (diabetes and hypertension), biochemical panel, operative outcomes, and complications. RESULTS: Two-hundred ten patients were included (105 in each group). Almost all data were homogenous at baseline. Female sex comprised 86.1% of cases, with a mean body mass index of 43.5 kg/m2. Excess weight loss (77.6 ± 15.7% versus 83.6 ± 16.7%; P = .011) and total weight loss (33.5 ± 6.4% versus 37.1 ± 7.1%; P < .001) was higher in group 2; better HbA1C levels were also observed. Co-morbidity outcomes, operative data, and complications were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with 200 cm of biliopancreatic limb length induces more weight loss at 12 months than a 50 cm limb length. Better HbA1C levels were also observed, but similar effects on co-morbidities and complications were noted.
Assuntos
Desvio Biliopancreático , Derivação Gástrica , Obesidade Mórbida , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Derivação Gástrica/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento , Redução de PesoRESUMO
A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study in terms of G-quadruplex binding ability and antiproliferative activity of six fluorescent perylenemonoimide (PMIs) derivatives is reported. A positive charge seems to be the key to target G4. This study also reveals the importance of the element substitution in the potential biological activity of PMIs, being the polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains in the peri position responsible for their antiproliferative activity. Among them, the cationic PMI6 with two PEG chains is the most promising compound since its fluorescence is enhanced in the presence of G-quadruplex structures. Moreover, PMI6 binds to the human telomeric G-quadruplex hTelo with high affinity and displays a high antiproliferative potential towards HeLa (cervical adenocarcinoma), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and A2780 (ovarian adenocarcinoma) cells. Its fate can be followed inside cells thanks to its fluorescent properties: the compound is found to accumulate in the mitochondria.
Assuntos
Quadruplex G/efeitos dos fármacos , Imidas/farmacologia , Perileno/análogos & derivados , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Imidas/síntese química , Imidas/química , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Perileno/síntese química , Perileno/química , Perileno/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Metabolic surgery for managing class 1 obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has recently gained popularity. The Latino population presents high rates of these diseases. Reports on surgical outcomes in this population are scarce. METHODS: Prospective study with Mexican patients diagnosed with diabetes and class 1 obesity submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The objective was to determine short-, mid-, and long-term outcomes (weight loss, metabolic, morbidity, and diabetes remission). Sub-analysis was included, based on preoperative usage of one (group A) or more (group B) oral hypoglycemic agents ± insulin. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients with a mean body mass index of 33.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2, and glycated hemoglobin 7.2 ± 1.7% were included. Significant improvements were observed in almost every parameter. At 24, 36, and 60 months, complete diabetes remission was achieved in 73.8%, 52.2%, and 50% of patients with glycated hemoglobin levels of 5.7% ± 0.8%, 5.8% ± 0.5%, and 6.1% ± 0.8%, respectively. At 24, 36, and 60 months, patients in group A (N=28) showed 90.9%, 69.2%, and 75% remission, respectively, versus patients in group B (N=23), who had remission rates of 50%, 30%, and 25% during the same period. Diabetes relapse was higher in patients using ≥ 2 oral hypoglycemic agents ± insulin before surgery. CONCLUSION: Gastric bypass is a safe and effective metabolic surgery that results in excellent mid- and long-term results among Mexicans. Patients using one drug preoperatively showed improved results and remission rates, which underscores the importance of intervening in the early stages of the disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials identifier: NCT04595396 ( www.ClinicalTrials.gov ).
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Derivação Gástrica , Obesidade Mórbida , Índice de Massa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/cirurgia , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Obesidade , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is indicated for major weight loss and for the control of associated comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes. Remission prediction scores have been proposed for this end, such as: DiaRem, Ad-DiaRem, ABCD, and DiaBetter. Nevertheless, they have not been evaluated all together in a specific population. METHODS: Retrospective study with Mexican patients submitted to gastric bypass with at least 12 months follow-up. All patients had BMI > 30 kg/m2 and type 2 diabetes. The primary objective was to evaluate the remission prediction performance of scores. A baseline analysis (anthropometric, biochemical, and metabolic) and remission rates were obtained. Remission scores and cut-off values were assigned based on original descriptions. A ROC analysis was performed for sensibility and specificity. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were included. Mean age 44 years, 85.6% female with mean BMI of 44.1 kg/m2, and mean HbA1C of 7.2%. At 12 months, complete remission was obtained in 76.8%. ROC curves were plotted showing that DiaRem had 75.3% sensitivity and 68.2% specificity (AUC 0.723 p = 0.001), Ad-DiaRem had 84.9% and 50% (AUC 0.702 p = 0.002), ABCD had 57.5% and 77.3% (AUC 0.0.690 p = 0.002), and DiaBetter had 72.6% and 77.3% (AUC 0.748 p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In Mexican patients with obesity and type 2 Diabetes, submitted to gastric bypass, remission prediction could be assessed with any current model showing satisfactory sensibility and specificity. Among such models, DiaBetter obtained the best statistical performance in our population. Type 2 diabetes remission rate at 1 year is similar to any other race or ethnicity.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Derivação Gástrica , Laparoscopia , Obesidade Mórbida , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/cirurgia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Indução de Remissão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Ultrasound is an essential tool in the management of the nephrological patient allowing the diagnosis, monitoring and performance of kidney intervention. However, the usefulness of ultrasound in the hands of the nephrologist is not limited exclusively to the ultrasound study of the kidney. By ultrasound, the nephrologist can also optimize the management of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis, measure cardiovascular risk (mean intimate thickness), implant central catheters for ultrasound-guided HD, as well as the patient's volemia using basic cardiac ultrasound, ultrasound of the cava inferior vein and lungs. From the Working Group on Interventional Nephrology (GNDI) of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN) we have prepared this consensus document that summarizes the main applications of ultrasound to Nephrology, including the necessary basic technical requirements, the framework normative and the level of training of nephrologists in this area. The objective of this work is to promote the inclusion of ultrasound, both diagnostic and interventional, in the usual clinical practice of the nephrologist and in the Nephrology Services portfolio with the final objective of offering diligent, efficient and comprehensive management to the nephrological patient.
Assuntos
Consenso , Nefrologia/educação , Ultrassom/educação , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção , Comitês Consultivos , Derivação Arteriovenosa Cirúrgica/educação , Cateterismo/métodos , Competência Clínica , Ecocardiografia , Humanos , Biópsia Guiada por Imagem , Nefrologia/instrumentação , Diálise Renal/métodos , Espanha , Ultrassom/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic bone remodeling, which is a phenomenon observed in all femoral stems, has a multifactorial origin as it depends on factors related to the patient, the surgical technique, and the design of the implant. To determine the pattern of remodeling produced by 2 models of anatomic cementless implants, we quantified the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in the 7 areas of Gruen observed at different moments after surgery during the first postoperative year. METHODS: A prospective, comparative, controlled, 1-year follow-up densitometric study was carried out in 2 groups of patients suffering from primary unilateral hip osteoarthritis. In the first group, with 68 patients, an ABG-II stem was implanted. In the second, with 66 patients, the ANATO stem was used. The contralateral, healthy hip was taken as a control. RESULTS: Both groups showed a decrease in BMD at 3 months in all the areas, which recovered at the end of the study, except in zone 7: there was a 17.7% decrease in the ABG-II group and a 5.9% decrease in the ANATO group. In zones 2 and 6, where more loads are transmitted, conservation of BMD is observed in response to Wolff's law. The differences in the pattern of remodeling between groups were maintained despite the age, gender, and BMI of the patients or the size of the implants. CONCLUSION: The ANATO stem achieved a more efficient transmission of loads at the metaphyseal level, which promotes bone preservation at the proximal femur, than the ABG-II stem.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Preoperative anaemia is highly prevalent among patients scheduled for total hip arthroplasty (THA), and is the main risk factor for perioperative red blood cell transfusion (RBCT). This retrospective cohort study aimed at assessing whether preoperative haemoglobin (Hb) optimisation reduced RBCT rates and improved outcome in this patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients entered a Patient Blood Management (PBM) programme consisting of in-hospital erythropoiesis stimulation, tranexamic acid administration, and a restrictive RBCT policy. Data from preoperatively anaemic patients (Hb <13 g/dL) who underwent THA, before (2015-2016, control group, n=75) or after (2017-2018, study group, n=70) the incorporation of a preoperative Hb optimisation protocol (Ferric carboxymaltose IV, 1,000 mg ± epoetin-α, 40,000 IU; administered 4 weeks prior to surgery) to the PBM programme underwent a comparative analysis. RESULTS: Haemoglobin concentrations at preoperative assessment were similar (12.1±0.7 g/dL vs 12.2±0.7 g/dL, for study and control groups, respectively; p=0.129). At hospital admission, significantly higher Hb were observed in the study group (13.4±0.8 g/dL vs 12.2±0.7 g/dL, respectively; p=0.001), with anaemia being corrected in 79% of cases. Compared to the control group, reduced perioperative RBCT rate (4% vs 24%, respectively; p=0.001), shorter length of hospital stay (6 [range 5-7] days vs 7 [5-8 days], respectively; p=0.002), and increased proportion of patients being discharged directly to their home (74% vs 47%, respectively; p=0.01) were observed in the study group. No treatment-related side-effects were witnessed. DISCUSSION: Within a PBM programme for THA, preoperative Hb optimisation was efficacious at correcting anaemia and minimising RBCT requirements, thus contributing to an improvement in postoperative outcomes.
Assuntos
Anemia , Artroplastia de Quadril , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Eletivos , Transfusão de Eritrócitos , Compostos Férricos/administração & dosagem , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Maltose/análogos & derivados , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia/sangue , Anemia/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Maltose/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effects of bone anabolic therapies (BATs) - specifically, drug therapy with teriparatide, abaloparatide or romosozumab - on fractures, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone metabolites in postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: Six computerized engines were searched through to November 2018. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of BATs on postmenopausal osteoporosis and with at least 6 months of follow-up. Controls were placebo, no treatment, or bisphosphonates. Primary outcomes were vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. Secondary outcomes were: BMD determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at total hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck; N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP); C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX); and severe adverse events (SAE). We followed the PRISMA guidelines for reporting, and used version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Frequentist network meta-analyses were performed per outcome. Effects for dichotomous and continuous outcomes were expressed as relative risks and mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals. We used p-scores to rank best treatments per outcome. RESULTS: Sixteen RCTs (nâ¯=â¯18,940) were evaluated. Mean ages ranged between 61 and 74 years, and follow-up times between 6 and 30 months. Four RCTs (nâ¯=â¯971) excluded patients with previous fractures. In contrast to placebo/no treatment, all BATs significantly reduced the risk of vertebral fractures, but no intervention significantly reduced the risk of non-vertebral fractures; abaloparatide ranked better than other interventions for both fracture types (p-scores: 0.95, and 0.89, respectively). All BATs significantly increased BMD at all locations in comparison with placebo/no treatment; romosozumab consistently ranked better than other interventions at all BMD locations (p-scores >0.86). Teriparatide ranked better than other interventions for increasing PINP. No differences in SAE were observed among treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Abaloparatide, romosozumab, and teriparatide are the best treatments, respectively, to reduce vertebral/non-vertebral fractures, increase BMD, and increase bone formation.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/uso terapêutico , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/tratamento farmacológico , Fraturas por Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Proteína Relacionada ao Hormônio Paratireóideo/uso terapêutico , Teriparatida/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/farmacologia , Colágeno Tipo I/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Metanálise em Rede , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Proteína Relacionada ao Hormônio Paratireóideo/farmacologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Peptídeos/sangue , Pró-Colágeno/sangue , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Teriparatida/farmacologiaRESUMO
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic to humans and deoxynivalenol causes digestive disorders, and both mycotoxins occur frequently in cereal-based foods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal-based baby foods as well as to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDI) in different stages of infancy. Sixty samples of infant cereals (wheat-, corn-, rice-, oat-, and mixed grain-based) were collected during a 2-year period and analyzed by validated methods. Aflatoxins were detected in 12 samples (20%), six of which exceeded the EU maximum level for aflatoxin B1 set at 0.10 µg/kg. Deoxynivalenol appeared in 20% of baby food samples, with one sample exceeding the EU maximum level established at 200 µg/kg. There were no significant differences between gluten-free products for babies aged 4â»6 months and multi-cereal products for infants aged 7â»12 months, nor between whole-grain-based and refined ingredients. However, baby food products of organic origin showed significantly higher levels of deoxynivalenol than conventional ones (p < 0.05). It is proposed for the health protection of infants and young children, a vulnerable group, to establish the lowest maximum level for the sum of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in baby food.
Assuntos
Aflatoxinas/análise , Grão Comestível/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Dieta Livre de Glúten , Monitoramento Ambiental , Alimentos Orgânicos/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Magnoliopsida , EspanhaRESUMO
Insulin provides important information to tissues about feeding behavior and energy status. Defective insulin signaling is associated with ageing, tissue dysfunction, and impaired wound healing. In the liver, insulin resistance leads to chronic damage and fibrosis, but it is unclear how tissue-repair mechanisms integrate insulin signals to coordinate an appropriate injury response or how they are affected by insulin resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that insulin resistance impairs local cellular crosstalk between the fibrotic stroma and bipotent adult liver progenitor cells (LPCs), whose paracrine interactions promote epithelial repair and tissue remodeling. Using insulin-resistant mice deficient for insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2), we highlight dramatic impairment of proregenerative fibroblast growth factor 7 (Fgf7) signaling between stromal niche cells and LPCs during chronic injury. We provide a detailed account of the role played by IRS2 in promoting Fgf7 ligand and receptor (Fgfr2-IIIb) expression by the two cell compartments, and we describe an insulin/IRS2-dependent feed-forward loop capable of sustaining hepatic re-epithelialization by driving FGFR2-IIIb expression. Finally, we shed light on the regulation of IRS2 and FGF7 within the fibrotic stroma and show-using a human coculture system-that IRS2 silencing shifts the equilibrium away from paracrine epithelial repair in favor of fibrogenesis. Hence, we offer a compelling insight into the contribution of insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and propose IRS2 as a positive regulator of communication between cell types and the transition between phases of stromal to epithelial repair.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Crônica Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Fator 7 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Fator 7 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/fisiologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina/genética , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina/fisiologia , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/fisiologiaRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Detection of the adult stage in the canine definitive host is essential for estimating infection rates, surveillance and monitoring of CE control programs. This study sought to develop and validate a coproantigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (copro-ELISA), based on antibodies against E. granulosus-soluble membrane antigens (EGMA), that is capable of distinguishing infected and noninfected dogs. Anti-E. granulosus polyclonal immunoglobulin G antibodies were obtained from rabbit antiserum against EGMA. Optimization of the test was performed with 51 positive and 56 negative stool samples of canine echinococcosis. Specificity, sensitivity, cross-reactivity, intra- and inter-assay precision, and over time detection were evaluated. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 96.1% (CI: 85.9-99.6) and 98.2% (CI: 89.5-100), respectively. Negative and positive predictive values were 96.5% (CI: 91.7-100) and 98% (CI: 94.1-100), respectively. No cross-reactivity with Taenia hydatigena, Dipylidium caninum, or Toxocara canis was observed. Intra- and inter-assay repeatability showed values of less than 15% of the variation coefficient. The over time detection was from 20 to 27 days postinfection with E. granulosus. The copro-ELISA based on EGMA detection offers a simplified in-house development of diagnostic testing. This assay showed high specificity and sensitivity and had no cross-reactivity with other parasites. Further studies and development of this test in a kit format may be useful for the detection of active infection in dogs living in CE endemic regions.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/química , Antígenos de Helmintos/análise , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Equinococose/veterinária , Echinococcus granulosus/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/normas , Animais , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Equinococose/imunologia , Echinococcus granulosus/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , Larva/imunologia , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Peru/epidemiologia , Coelhos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
To establish the pattern of bone remodeling caused by a cementless, anatomic implant, we intend to evaluate the changes in bone mineral density observed after surgery in the Gruen zones. A controlled, prospective study was carried out, in which a group of 37 patients with primary coxarthrosis were densitrometrically analyzed over the 1 year period following the implant of an ANATO stem (Stryker). The patient's healthy hip was taken as the control. Any differences in the remodeling pattern were compared according to age, body mass index, and implant size. Decreases in bone mineral density were observed after 3 months in all of the zones studied. However, this bone mineral density loss was recovered in all zones by the end of the study, except in zone 7 where a decrease of 7.2% in bone mass was observed. In zones 2 and 6, where more loads are transmitted, bone mass preservation, in accordance with Wolff's law, can be seen. No differences were found in the remodeling pattern in relation to age and body mass index. There were also no differences related to stem size except in zones 1 and 7. The ANATO stem achieves an efficient transmission of loads between the stem and the proximal femur, providing enough mechanical loads for bone preservation. It is only in zone 7 where significant bone atrophy can be observed, attributable to the damage that this area suffers during the surgical process and the subsequent stress-shielding caused by the implant design.
Assuntos
Artroplastia de Quadril , Densidade Óssea , Remodelação Óssea , Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Prótese de Quadril , Osteoartrite do Quadril/cirurgia , Suporte de Carga , Adulto , Idoso , Atrofia , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Feminino , Fêmur/patologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Desenho de PróteseRESUMO
In major orthopaedic surgery, it is recommended to detect and correct preoperative anaemia several weeks prior to surgery. However, in many cases, the procedure is urgent or the patient is evaluated shortly before the intervention. As iron deficiency is the leading cause of perioperative anaemia, an exhaustive review of the literature was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of short-term perioperative intravenous, with or without erythropoietin, or postoperative oral or intravenous supplementation in major orthopaedic surgery. Overall, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 13 randomized trials (moderate quality) and seven observational studies (low to very low quality). The primary outcomes were reduction in transfusion requirements, haemoglobin increase and medication side-effects during the study period. Data analysis showed that postoperative oral iron administration neither increased haemoglobin nor reduced transfusion requirements, and it was associated with significant gastrointestinal adverse effects (15%). In contrast, for some patient populations, perioperative or postoperative administration of intravenous iron, with or without recombinant erythropoietin, may reduce transfusion requirements and/or hasten the recovery from postoperative, with few clinically relevant adverse effects (<2%). However, discrepancies between randomized trials and observational studies on the possible beneficial effects of short-term perioperative intravenous iron administration were found for patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture repair. Further studies are needed to elucidate when the treatment should be started, which combination of drugs should be used, and which patient groups would be most benefit.