Informed consent for case reports: an ethical perspective / Consentimiento informado para informes de caso: una perspectiva ética / Consentimiento informado para relatórios de caso: uma perspectiva ética

Abstract: The case report is a special type of scientific publication that focuses on a single patient, raising problems of confidentiality, as the exposure of the intimacy may facilitate identification of the participants. The legitimacy for the public disclosure derives from the informed consent, ensuring the preservation of patients' self-determination. In this article, we discuss aspects of autonomy as basic ethical principle, framing under the Portuguese Law. In the case reports, as in any clinical investigation, the will of the patient should prevail over the interests of research and researchers, even when he is unable to consent, like the minors, the disabled or the deceased, enforcing the legal rules and addressing to the active involvement of the guardians and the relatives.

Resumen: El caso clínico es un tipo especial de la publicación científica que se centra en un solo individuo. Es ampliamente utilizado en la comunicación médica, tanto desde un punto de vista científico como pedagógico. Plantea problemas respecto a la confidencialidad en la medida en que la descripción de los detalles íntimos puede conducir a la identificación de los pacientes. La legitimidad de la presentación pública se deriva del consentimiento informado, que garantiza la preservación de la autodeterminación del paciente en cuestión. En este artículo, se discuten aspectos de la autonomía como principio ético básico a la luz de la legislación portuguesa. En los informes de casos, como en cualquier investigación, la voluntad del paciente debe prevalecer sobre los intereses de la investigación y de los investigadores, incluso si no puede consentir que en el caso de menores de edad, incapacitados o fallecidos, donde se asumen importantes cuestiones jurídicas y papel de los tutores y familia en este proceso.

Resumo: O relato de caso é um tipo especial de publicação científica que se centra num único indivíduo. É muito utilizado na comunicação médica tanto do ponto de vista científico como pedagógico. Levanta problemas quanto à confidencialidade na medida em que a descrição dos pormenores íntimos pode levar à identificação dos doentes. A legitimidade para a apresentação pública deriva do consentimento informado, que garante a preservação da autodeterminação do doente envolvido. Neste artigo, discutimos os aspetos da autonomia como princípio ético basilar, à luz da Lei Portuguesa. Nos relatos de casos, como em qualquer investigação, a vontade do doente deve prevalecer sobre os interesses da investigação e dos investigadores, mesmo se incapaz para consentir como no caso dos menores, os incapazes ou os falecidos, onde assumem importância as questões legais e o papel dos tutores e familiares neste processo.

The effect of a test ordering software intervention on the prescription of unnecessary laboratory tests - a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The way software for electronic health records and laboratory tests ordering systems are designed may influence physicians' prescription. A randomised controlled trial was performed to measure the impact of a diagnostic and laboratory tests ordering system software modification. METHODS: Participants were family physicians working and prescribing diagnostic and laboratory tests. The intervention group had a modified software with a basic shortcut menu changes, where some tests were withdrawn or added, and with the implementation of an evidence-based decision support based on United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations. This intervention group was compared with usual software (control group). The outcomes were the number of tests prescribed from those: withdrawn from the basic menu; added to the basic menu; marked with green dots (USPSTF's grade A and B); and marked with red dots (USPSTF's grade D). RESULTS: Comparing the monthly average number of tests prescribed before and after the software modification, from those tests that were withdrawn from the basic menu, the control group prescribed 33.8 tests per 100 consultations before and 30.8 after (p = 0075); the intervention group prescribed 31.3 before and 13.9 after (p < 0001). Comparing the tests prescribed between both groups during the intervention, from those tests that were withdrawn from the basic menu, the intervention group prescribed a monthly average of 14.0 vs. 29.3 tests per 100 consultations in the control group (p < 0.001). From those tests that are USPSTF's grade A and B, intervention group prescribed 66.8 vs. 74.1 tests per 100 consultations in the control group (p = 0.070). From those tests categorised as USPSTF grade D, the intervention group prescribed an average of 9.8 vs. 11.8 tests per 100 consultations in the control group (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Removing unnecessary tests from a quick shortcut menu of the diagnosis and laboratory tests ordering system had a significant impact and reduced unnecessary prescription of tests. The fact that it was not possible to perform the randomization at the family physicians' level, but only of the computer servers is a limitation of our study. Future research should assess the impact of different tests ordering systems during longer periods. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN45427977 , May 1st 2014 (retrospectively registered).

Patients' estimations of the importance of preventive health services: a nationwide, population-based cross-sectional study in Portugal.

OBJECTIVES: To determine, in the context of primary care preventive health services, the level of importance that Portuguese patients attribute to different preventive activities. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary Healthcare, Portugal. PARTICIPANTS: 1000 Portuguese adults selected by a stratified cluster sampling design were invited to participate in a computer-assisted telephone survey. Persons with a cognitive or physical disability that hampered the ability to complete a telephone interview and being a nursing home resident or resident in any other type of collective dwelling were excluded. OUTCOMES: Mean level of importance assigned to 20 different medical preventive activities, using a scale of 1-10, with 1 corresponding to 'no importance for you and your health' and 10 indicating 'very important'. RESULTS: The mean level of importance assigned to medical preventive activity was 7.70 (95% CI 7.60 to 7.80). Routine blood and urine tests were considered the most important, with an estimated mean of 9.15 (95% CI 9.07 to 9.24), followed by female-specific interventions (Pap smear, mammography and gynaecological and breast ultrasounds), with mean importance ranging from 8.45 (95% CI 8.23 to 8.63) for mammography to 8.56 (95% CI 8.36 to 8.76) for Pap smear. Advice regarding alcohol consumption (6.18; 95% CI 5.96 to 6.39) and tobacco consumption (5.99; 95% CI 5.75 to 6.23) were considered much less important. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that Portuguese patients overestimate the importance of preventive medical activities, tend to give more importance to diagnostic and laboratory tests than to lifestyle measures, do not discriminate tests that are important and evidence-based, and seem not be aware of the individualisation of risk. Family physicians should be aware of these optimistic expectations, because these can influence the doctor-patient relationship when discussing these interventions and incorporating personalised risk.

Motives for requesting an electrocardiogram in primary health care / Motivos para requisitar um eletrocardiograma nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários

The management of requests for diagnostic exams presents its own inherent characteristics in primary health care and reflects the specific nature of the physician-patient relationship. The scope of the study was to identify the reasons for requesting an electrocardiogram (ECG) in primary health care. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban region in Portugal, establishing the motives to ask for an ECG consecutively over two years, starting on 01/03/2007 using data retrieved from structured forms filled out by the physician at the moment of requesting the exam. A total of 870 ECGs of 817 patients were included. Symptoms manifested during the patient visit justified 48.5% of the ECGs, and follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors motivated 25.2%. A global health examination accounted for 22.8% of the requests. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of symptoms (p < 0.001), presence of any cardiovascular risk factor (p = 0.002), hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.002), and urgency (p < 0.001) were the main factors associated with the requests. The requests for electrocardiograms are predominantly for clinical reasons as a result of patients symptoms. The integration of expectations and beliefs of the patients is present in the decision-making process.

Introdução: A gestão do pedido de testes de diagnóstico apresenta características próprias nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários em função da natureza específica da relação médico-doente. Objetivo: Identificar os motivos para requisitar um eletrocardiograma (ECG) na prática de Cuidados de Saúde Primários. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional transversal dos motivos para o pedido de um ECG numa região urbana de Portugal, utilizando um formulário preenchido pelo médico no momento da requisição, por um período de 2 anos desde 1/03/2007. Resultados: Foram incluídos 870 ECG de 817 doentes. A presença de sintomas na consulta justificou 48.5%, e o seguimento de fatores de risco cardiovasculares representou 25.2%. O exame global de saúde representou 22.8% dos pedidos. A análise multivariada mostrou que a existência de sintomas (p < 0.001), a presença de qualquer fator de risco cardiovascular (p = 0.002), a hipertensão arterial (p < 0.001), a diabetes mellitus (p = 0.002), e o pedido de urgência na execução (p < 0.001) foram os principais fatores associados aos pedidos. Conclusão: Os ECG são requisitados sobretudo em resposta a questões de natureza clínica perante sintomas que os doentes apresentam. A integração das expectativas e crenças dos doentes está presente no processo de decisão médica. .

Preventive health services implemented by family physicians in Portugal-a cross-sectional study based on two clinical scenarios.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether Portuguese family physicians perform preventive health services in accordance with scientific evidence, based on the recommendations of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary healthcare, Portuguese National Health Service. PARTICIPANTS: 255 Portuguese family physicians selected by a stratified cluster sampling design were invited to participate in a computer-assisted telephone survey. OUTCOMES: Prevalence of compliance with USPSTF recommendations for screening, given a male and female clinical scenario and a set of proposed medical interventions, including frequency of the intervention and performance in their own daily practice. RESULTS: A response rate of 95.7% was obtained (n=244). 98-100% of family physicians answered according to the USPSTF recommendations in most interventions. In the male scenario, the lowest concordance was observed in the evaluation of prostate-specific antigen with 37% of family physicians answering according to the USPSTF recommendations. In the female scenario, the lowest concordance was for cholesterol testing with 2% of family physicians complying. Family physicians younger than 50 years had significantly better compliance scores than older ones (mean 77% vs 72%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high degree of agreement with USPSTF recommendations among Portuguese family physicians. However, we also found results suggesting excessive use of some medical interventions, raising concerns related to possible harm associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment.