RESUMO
The presence of heterogeneity in responses to oncolytic virotherapy poses a barrier to clinical effectiveness, as resistance to this treatment can occur through the inhibition of viral spread within the tumor, potentially leading to treatment failures. Here we show that 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI), a chemical derivative of the Krebs cycle-derived metabolite itaconate, enhances oncolytic virotherapy with VSVΔ51 in various models including human and murine resistant cancer cell lines, three-dimensional (3D) patient-derived colon tumoroids and organotypic brain tumor slices. Furthermore, 4-OI in combination with VSVΔ51 improves therapeutic outcomes in a resistant murine colon tumor model. Mechanistically, we find that 4-OI suppresses antiviral immunity in cancer cells through the modification of cysteine residues in MAVS and IKKß independently of the NRF2/KEAP1 axis. We propose that the combination of a metabolite-derived drug with an oncolytic virus agent can greatly improve anticancer therapeutic outcomes by direct interference with the type I IFN and NF-κB-mediated antiviral responses.
Assuntos
Terapia Viral Oncolítica , Vírus Oncolíticos , Succinatos , Animais , Humanos , Terapia Viral Oncolítica/métodos , Succinatos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Antivirais/farmacologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Quinase I-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Associada a ECH Semelhante a Kelch/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/fisiologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 (TRß1) is downregulated in several human cancer cell types, which has been associated with development of an aggressive tumor phenotype and the upregulation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). In this study, we show that the expression of TRß1 protein is downregulated in human thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines compared with the normal thyroid tissues and primary cell line, whilst Runx2 is upregulated under the same conditions. In contrast, the expression of TRß1 is upregulated, whereas Runx2 is downregulated, in STIM1, Orai1 and TRPC1 knockdown cells, compared to mock transfected cells. To study the functional significance of Runx2 in follicular thyroid cancer ML-1 cells, we downregulated it by siRNA. This increased store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), but decreased cell proliferation and invasion. Moreover, restoring TRß1 expression in ML-1 cells decreased SOCE, basal and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-evoked invasion, the expression of the promigratory S1P3 receptor and pERK1/2, and at the same time increased the expression of the thyroid specific proteins thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, and thyroid transcription factor-1. In conclusion, we show that TRß1 is downregulated in thyroid cancer cells and that restoration of its expression can reverse the cancer cell phenotype towards a normal thyroid cell phenotype.