RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different mixing ratios of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis in diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and odor gas emissions of growing pigs. A total of four crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with average body weight (BW) of 41.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly allotted four diets over four periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were as follows: Control (CON, basal diet), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L4S6, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 4:6 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L5S5, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 5:5 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L6S4, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 6:4 ratio). Dietary probiotic supplementation showed higher crude protein (CP) digestibility values and lower Escherichia coli counts in fecal samples than the CON group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in NH3 or H2S emission until day 3. The positive effect of H2S and NH3 emissions was detected earlier with the L4S6 and L5S5 compared to the L6S4, which had a lower ratio of B. subtilis. Both the L4S6 and L5S5 probiotic complexes significantly decreased the fecal H2S and NH3 emission in days 4 and 6 (p < 0.05). On day 7, all probiotic complexes decreased (p < 0.05) H2S and NH3 emissions than the CON group. Our results agreed that the dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis complexes in growing pigs can significantly improve CP digestibility and reduce fecal E. coli counts, NH3 and H2S emissions. Notably, the higher mixing ratio of Bacillus subtilis in probiotic supplementation is more effective in reducing the odor of manure.
RESUMO
The improved resistive switching (RS) performance characteristics of nickel nitride (NiN) films-based crossbar array (CBA) memory resistors-such as reduction in the operating voltages, reset current and current/voltage variations; no initial forming process; and set/reset speeds--are demonstrated using nanopyramid-patterned (NPP) platinum-bottom electrodes. Compared with a conventional CBA sample with flat-bottom electrodes, both the voltage and the current of the set and reset operations are respectively reduced when NPP samples are used. The drastic reduction in the variation of the operating voltage and current is of particular interest. We explain the RS process using the model of the redox-reaction-mediated formation and rupture of the conducting filaments in the NiN films, based on the capacitance-voltage and conductance-voltage characteristics under different resistance states.
RESUMO
The size-dependent resistive switching (RS) properties of the active region in a 1 x 1 NiN-based crossbar array (CBA) resistive random access memory (ReRAM) are investigated in the range of 2 x 2 µm2 to 8 x 8 µm2. In the forming test, the forming voltage is reduced by decreasing the cell size of the active region. Compared to the 8 x 8 µm2 CBA ReRAM, the forming voltage of the 2 x 2 µm2 CBA ReRAM was reduced from 8 V to 6.2 V. In addition, V(SET/RESET) and the current for the reset operation are reduced in the current-voltage (I-V) results by reducing the cell size, while the current at a high-resistance state (HRS) is increased. As a result, the current ratio between the HRS and a low-resistance state (LRS) is reduced. On the other hand, the variation of V(SET) for I-V curves repetitively acquired 100 times is decreased by decreasing the cell size in the reliability test. Further, the current at the HRS for the 2 x 2 µm2 CBA ReRAM is the most stable with the smallest current variation for 1000 s in the retention test. These results show that reducing the active region in the CBA ReRAM structure is effective for improving the reliability of ReRAM cells because it reduces the operating voltage and current as well as the variation of V(SET) and the current at the HRS.