Embryonic stem cell factor FOXD3 (Genesis) defects in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal neoplasms, believed to originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), often caused by overexpression of tyrosine kinase receptors (TKR) KIT or PDGFRA. Here, we present evidence that the embryonic stem cell factor FOXD3, first identified as 'Genesis' and involved in both gastrointestinal and neural crest cell development, is implicated in GIST pathogenesis; its involvement is investigated both in vitro and in zebrafish and a mouse model of FOXD3 deficiency. Samples from a total of 58 patients with wild-type GISTs were used for molecular analyses, including Sanger sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization, and methylation analysis. Immunohistochemistry and western blot evaluation were used to assess FOXD3 expression. Additionally, we conducted in vitro functional studies in tissue samples and in transfected cells to confirm the pathogenicity of the identified genetic variants. Germline partially inactivating FOXD3 sequence variants (p.R54H and p.Ala88_Gly91del) were found in patients with isolated GISTs. Chromosome 1p loss was the most frequent chromosomal abnormality identified in tumors. In vitro experiments demonstrate the impairment of FOXD3 in the presence of those variants. Animal studies showed disruption of the GI neural network and changes in the number and distribution in the ICC. FOXD3 suppresses KIT expression in human cells; its inactivation led to an increase in ICC in zebrafish, as well as mice, providing evidence for a functional link between FOXD3 defects and KIT overexpression leading to GIST formation.

Phosphodiesterase sequence variants may predispose to prostate cancer.

We hypothesized that mutations that inactivate phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and lead to increased cAMP and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels may be associated with prostate cancer (PCa). We sequenced the entire PDE coding sequences in the DNA of 16 biopsy samples from PCa patients. Novel mutations were confirmed in the somatic or germline state by Sanger sequencing. Data were then compared to the 1000 Genome Project. PDE, CREB and pCREB protein expression was also studied in all samples, in both normal and abnormal tissue, by immunofluorescence. We identified three previously described PDE sequence variants that were significantly more frequent in PCa. Four novel sequence variations, one each in the PDE4B,PDE6C, PDE7B and PDE10A genes, respectively, were also found in the PCa samples. Interestingly, PDE10A and PDE4B novel variants that were present in 19 and 6% of the patients were found in the tumor tissue only. In patients carrying PDE defects, there was pCREB accumulation (P<0.001), and an increase of the pCREB:CREB ratio (patients 0.97±0.03; controls 0.52±0.03; P-value <0.001) by immunohistochemical analysis. We conclude that PDE sequence variants may play a role in the predisposition and/or progression to PCa at the germline and/or somatic state respectively.

Is IGSF1 involved in human pituitary tumor formation?

IGSF1 is a membrane glycoprotein highly expressed in the anterior pituitary. Pathogenic mutations in the IGSF1 gene (on Xq26.2) are associated with X-linked central hypothyroidism and testicular enlargement in males. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that IGSF1 is involved in the development of pituitary tumors, especially those that produce growth hormone (GH). IGSF1 was sequenced in 21 patients with gigantism or acromegaly and 92 healthy individuals. Expression studies with a candidate pathogenic IGSF1 variant were carried out in transfected cells and immunohistochemistry for IGSF1 was performed in the sections of GH-producing adenomas, familial somatomammotroph hyperplasia, and in normal pituitary. We identified the sequence variant p.N604T, which in silico analysis suggested could affect IGSF1 function, in two male patients and one female with somatomammotroph hyperplasia from the same family. Of 60 female controls, two carried the same variant and seven were heterozygous for other variants. Immunohistochemistry showed increased IGSF1 staining in the GH-producing tumor from the patient with the IGSF1 p.N604T variant compared with a GH-producing adenoma from a patient negative for any IGSF1 variants and with normal control pituitary tissue. The IGSF1 gene appears polymorphic in the general population. A potentially pathogenic variant identified in the germline of three patients with gigantism from the same family (segregating with the disease) was also detected in two healthy female controls. Variations in IGSF1 expression in pituitary tissue in patients with or without IGSF1 germline mutations point to the need for further studies of IGSF1 action in pituitary adenoma formation.

In vitro functional studies of naturally occurring pathogenic PRKAR1A mutations that are not subject to nonsense mRNA decay.

Patients presenting with primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), Carney complex (CNC), or sporadic tumors were previously found to carry germline mutations in the human type Ialpha regulatory subunit (RIalpha) of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP [cAMP])-dependent protein kinase (PKA; PRKAR1A). Although about 90% of disease-causing PRKAR1A mutations lead to premature stop codon generation and subsequent degradation of the mutant message by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), here we describe seven PRKAR1A mutations whose mRNAs do not seem to undergo NMD and instead result in an expressed mutant RIalpha protein. The expressed mutations (p.Ser9Asn, p.Glu60_Lys116del [Delta-exon 3], p.Arg74Cys, p.Arg146Ser, p.Asp183Tyr, p.Ala213Asp, and p.Gly289Trp) were spread over all the functional RIalpha domains, and all of them exhibited increased PKA activity, which we attribute to decreased binding to cAMP and/or the catalytic subunit. Our data further corroborate the previous finding that altered PRKAR1A function, not only haploinsufficiency, is enough to elevate PKA activity which is apparently associated with tumorigenesis in tissues affected by CNC. In some cases, as with the Delta-exon 3 mutation, we may even conclude that the presence of a mutant PRKAR1A protein may be more harmful than allelic loss.

Balkan endemic nephropathy and genetic variants of glutathione S-transferases.

BACKGROUND: Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a non-inflammatory, chronic, slow progressing kidney disease, frequently associated with urinary tract tumors. BEN displays familial clustering without an apparent Mendelian inheritance pattern. It has been suggested that environmental toxicants damage urothelial cells in genetically susceptible individuals, which could be the cause of BEN. The metabolism of some substrates that are mediated by glutathione S-transferases (GST), which are polymorphic enzymes, results in nephrotoxic products. To evaluate whether GST genetic heterogeneity could be involved in BEN, we launched a case-control study concerning the association of the most common polymorphic GST variants with BEN. METHODS: DNA was extracted from venous blood samples from 54 unrelated BEN patients and 104 controls inhabiting the same endemic region. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null deletions were identified simultaneously by a triplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure, and GSTP1 polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using Alw261. RESULTS: Carriers of at least one GSTM1 wild type allele (wt-allele) were more prevalent among BEN patients compared to controls (chi2=7.92, p=0.005). The GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotype distributions did not demonstrate statistically significant differences between the groups. The carriers of at least one GSTM1 wt-allele among BEN patients were more prevalent in comparison with controls when the GSTM1 genotypes were combined in pairs with all GSTT1 (chi2=9.52, p=0.023) and GSTP1 (chi2=11.92, p=0.036) genotypes. The combined genotype distributions of the three GST genes studied among BEN patients and controls showed that the frequency of carriers of at least one GSTM1 wt-allele among BEN patients was higher or at least equal to the corresponding frequency among controls in all triple combinations. However, this difference did not reach statistical significance (chi2=14.06, p=0.170). CONCLUSIONS: GSTM1 wt-allele associates with BEN. The significantly lower prevalence of the GSTM1 deletion homozygotes among BEN patients suggests that individuals bearing the GSTM1 null genotype could be better protected.