Formalin and ferric chloride inactivated Pasteurella multocida type a adjuvanted with bacterial DNA and alum as a new vaccine candidate in sheep pasteurellosis.

The aim of the present study was to investigate humoral and cellular immune responses in sheep inoculated with inactivated P. multocida antigen with alum and bacterial DNA adjuvant by identifying IgG and cytokines from serum and cell culture. Sheep were immunized with iron and formalin-inactivated antigens at an interval of 2 weeks. These immunogens were mixed with alum adjuvant and P. multocida type A DNA (AbDNA). After injection and blood sampling, the serum antibody titer and cellular immune responses (IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) on serum samples and lymphocyte cell were tested by ELISA. The ELISA results showed a higher antibody titer in the bDNA adjuvant group compared to the alum adjuvant group and the control group. In general, the level of IgG in the serum of immunized animals was significantly increased compared to the control group. The peak antibody titer (1.794) was observed on the 28th day of injection in the IIV-AbDNA group. After immunization, inactivation with iron and bDNA adjuvant increased cytokine production compared to other experimental and control groups. High levels of lymphocyte and serum titers of IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were also obtained in the IIV-AbDNA group. The findings showed that killed P. multocida type A antigens formulated with bacterial DNA as an adjuvant are candidates for new immunogens against P. multocida infections in sheep. The inactivation of bacteria with iron also enhanced proper immune responses.

The Role of Fluconazole Prophylaxis Regimen and the Regimes Chosen by the Patient's Risk of Fungal Infection in Reducing the Infection Rate after Bone Marrow Transplantation

Objective: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients are common and lethal. Fluconazole was the choice prophylaxis previously, but recent strategy utilization antifungal drugs according to the risk of IFI in patients undergoing transplantation. In this study we aim to evaluate the efficacy of fluconazole prophylaxis regimen and the regimes chosen by the patient's risk of IFI. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 376 patients with BMT. Patients were divided into those treated before 2012 with fluconazole prophylaxis (group I, n=206) or those undergone transplantation after 2012 and received fluconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole prophylaxis according their risk of fungal infection (group II, n=170). Results: Group I was significantly younger (p=0.007), less smoker (p=0.01), received more autologus transplant (p=0.001) and mostly high risk patient for infection (p<0.001). Group I had significantly higher duration of fever (p=0.004) and increased WBC (p=0.02), longer length of stay (p=0.001), more proven and less probable fungal infections (p=0.008) and higher hepatic complications (p=0.003). There was no significant difference in fungal related and overall mortality rate between groups. Conclusion: The use of prophylaxis based on risk of fungal infection in patients undergoing BMT results in reduce fungal infections, duration of fever and accelerate the engraftment and patient discharge.

The healing effect of scrophularia striata on experimental burn wounds infected to pseudomonas aeruginosa in rat.

BACKGROUND: The cause of death in burn patients after 48 hours of hospitalization has been reported to be bacterial infections. Recently, due to the compounds accelerating the healing process and the intense reduction of treatment side effects, medicinal plants are used to cure burn wound infections. This study aims to investigate the medicinal effect of the ethanolic extract of Scrophularia striata on burn wound infection in in-vivo and in-vitro in comparison with silver sulfadiazine (SSD). METHODS: One hundred and fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 equal groups. A hot plate of 1×1cm was used to create second degree burn wounds. The ethanolic extract of S. striata was provided through percolation method. Group 1 was treated with SSD, group 2 with S. striata, and group 3 was considered as control group. All animals were infected to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On days 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 after burn wound injury, the animals were euthanized and were evaluated histologically. The MIC and MBC were determined using the micro dilution method. RESULTS: The rate of wound healing was significantly greater in S. striata group in comparison to SSD and control groups. CONCLUSION: S. striata contains was shown to have anti-bacterial and wound healing effects while this effect was significantly more than SSD denoting to its use when needed for burn wounds infected to P. aeruginosa.