Cognitive function and breast cancer molecular subtype before and after chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment has been reported in patients with breast cancer and received growing attention due to increased survival rate. However, cognitive outcome according to pathological tumor features, especially human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) status, has not been clearly elucidated. Despite its potential link with cognitive status through neuroinflammatory response, existing research is sparse and limited to cross-sectional studies. In this observational cohort study, 52 breast cancer patients received a series of neuropsychological examinations before and after chemotherapy. Patients' performances were compared with normative data, and analyzed with Reliable Change Indices and mixed-model analysis of covariance. Results showed that there was a higher percentage of HER2+ patients than HER2- patients who showed defective attention and processing speed before chemotherapy, and that there were more patients with HER2+ status showing cognitive decline on tests of attention and executive functions following chemotherapy. Group-wise analyses confirmed the foregoing pattern and further revealed that patients with HER2+ status also tended to deteriorate more in verbal memory after chemotherapy. These findings indicate that HER2 overexpression may serve as prognostic factors that help explain the heterogeneous cognitive outcome in breast cancer survivors. Further studies are needed to replicate this finding and delineate the underlying mechanisms.

Effects of Cancer, Chemotherapy, and Cytokines on Subjective and Objective Cognitive Functioning Among Patients with Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the associations of breast cancer (BC) and cancer-related chemotherapies with cytokine levels, and cognitive function. METHODS: We evaluated subjective and objective cognitive function in BC patients before chemotherapy and 3~9 months after the completion of chemotherapy. Healthy volunteers without cancer were also compared as control group. Interleukins (IL) 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12p70, 13, 17A, 1ß, IFNγ, and TNFα were measured. Associations of cancer status, chemotherapy and cytokine levels with subjective and objective cognitive impairments were analyzed using a regression model, adjusting for covariates, including IQ and psychological distress. RESULTS: After adjustment, poorer performance in semantic verbal fluency was found in the post-chemotherapy subgroup compared to controls (p = 0.011, η2 = 0.070); whereas pre-chemotherapy patients scored higher in subjective cognitive perception. Higher IL-13 was associated with lower semantic verbal fluency in the post-chemotherapy subgroup. Higher IL-10 was associated with better perceived cognitive abilities in the pre-chemotherapy and control groups; while IL-5 and IL-13 were associated with lower perceived cognitive abilities in pre-chemotherapy and control groups. Our findings from mediation analysis further suggest that verbal fluency might be affected by cancer status, although mediated by anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that verbal fluency might be affected by cancer status, although mediated by anxiety. Different cytokines and their interactions may have different roles of neuroinflammation or neuroprotection that need further research.

Subjective and objective cognitive functioning among patients with breast cancer: effects of chemotherapy and mood symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Previous findings regarding declines in cognitive functioning among patients with breast cancer (BC) before and after chemotherapy have been inconsistent. The present study explored the effect of BC and cancer-related chemotherapies on cognitive functioning. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was adopted to compare BC patients before their chemotherapy treatment, BC patients 3 ~ 9 months after the completion of chemotherapy, and noncancer controls. Evaluations of cognitive functioning included subjective and objective dimensions, with focus on memory, executive functioning, attention, and language. ANCOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis were used to examine the relationship among cancer, chemotherapy, cognitive performance, and psychological distress. RESULTS: After adjustment for intelligence quotient, anxiety, and depression, we found significant differences in the Semantic Association of Verbal Fluency between post-chemotherapy (C/T) patients and noncancer controls. Specifically, post-C/T patients scored lower than controls (p = 0.03, η2 = 0.07). No significant differences were found in other objective cognitive measures. However, both subjective and objective cognitive scores were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and fatigue. In BC patients, levels of anxiety were positively correlated with measures of executive function. Among pre-C/T patients, self-perceived interference by fatigue was positively associated with better performances in some of the objective cognitive measures. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest cognitive impairments in the domain of executive functioning among patients with BC who received chemotherapy. Providing relevant suggestions or strategies of managements for these negative consequences may help increase the long-term quality of life of patients with BC.

Correlations And Correlates Of Post-Traumatic Growth And Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms In Patients With Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: Although post-traumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) might develop and coexist after a major trauma, few studies have simultaneously examined them in patients with breast cancer. This study investigated the correlation between PTG and PTSS and their differential correlates in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall, 145 patients with breast cancer were recruited. PTG and PTSS were assessed using the PTG inventory and the Chinese version of startle, physiological arousal, anger, and numbness, respectively. We investigated the effects of demographics, chemotherapy, depression, family support, alexithymia, and anxiety symptoms on PTG and PTSS. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to select the independent correlates of PTSS and PTG. RESULT: An association was observed between PTG and PTSS (r = 0.21). Based on multiple regression models, the common correlate of PTG (ß = 0.271) and PTSS (ß = 0.212) was anxiety symptoms. Differential independent correlates were years of education (ß = 0.272), receiving chemotherapy (ß = 0.248), and family support (ß = 0.259) for PTG, and chronic pain (ß = 0.316) and poor cognition (ß = -0.350) for PTSS. CONCLUSION: Differential correlates were observed for PTG and PTSS in patients with breast cancer. Possible mechanisms and relationships between PTG and PTSS were discussed.

Preliminary comparison of neuropsychological performance in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy or targeted therapy.

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional pilot study aimed to compare the effects of chemotherapy and targeted therapy on neuropsychological performance and psychiatric symptoms in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 113 patients with NSCLC were recruited. According to their type of cancer treatment, the patients were classified into chemotherapy (n=40), targeted therapy (n=33), and untreated control (n=40) groups. All participants completed five objective tests measuring various domains of cognitive function, a subjective cognitive functioning scale (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function; FACT-cog), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) either within 6 months after diagnosis (for the untreated group) or about 18 months after treatment. RESULTS: Overall, there were no significant intergroup differences in the proportions of patients with abnormal cognitive performance and psychiatric disturbances. Among the untreated NSCLC patients, 35% had impaired performance in at least one cognitive domain, and a comparable finding (30%-35%) was made for the other two treatment groups. The proportion of patients with impaired psychomotor speed was the highest (10%-15%) across various cognitive domains. Moreover, a significant proportion of NSCLC patients (15%-20%) exhibited HADS-defined anxiety and depression disorder. Finally, significant correlations were found between FACT-cog total scores and the HADS Depression subscale across all three groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that 1) a substantial proportion of NSCLC patients exhibited cognitive impairments (especially regarding psychomotor speed) and psychiatric disturbances; 2) no significant differences were observed among the three patient groups for any subjective or objective measure of cognitive deficit; and 3) perceived cognitive impairment was significantly associated with depression or anxiety. Prompt treatment of psychiatric disorders to minimize their impact is therefore recommended.

Sex-Specific Asthma Phenotypes, Inflammatory Patterns, and Asthma Control in a Cluster Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with complex mechanisms and involves many risk factors and in vivo cellular molecules. It is notable that sex differences may have a potential effect on asthma phenotype. OBJECTIVE: To identify sex-specific phenotypes and health outcomes of asthma. METHODS: We conducted the Taiwanese Adult Asthma Cohorts study to enroll female (n = 421) and male (n = 299) adult patients with stable asthma. Eight variables were selected by a factor analysis. We further performed a 2-step sensitivity cluster analysis to classify asthma clusters. The risks of asthma-related outcomes among the clusters were assessed using simple logistic regressions. RESULTS: Three different clusters were identified in males and females. In the female clusters, atopy/eosinophil-predominant (cluster 2), and obesity/neutrophil-predominant pattern (cluster 3) had more than a 2-fold risk of asthma exacerbations (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.12-5.59 and odds ratio, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.01-4.93). In the male clusters, current smoker/neutrophilic atopic cluster (cluster 5) and ex-smoker/eosinophil-predominant or mixed inflammatory pattern (cluster 6) also had a higher risk of asthma exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified heterogeneous characteristics between sexes. In females, the analysis showed atopy with eosinophil-predominant and obese with neutrophil-predominant inflammation. Two distinct asthma phenotypes were found in current and ex-smokers in males. Understanding asthma phenotypes and explaining the potentially biological pathways have become important.