Repolarization of immunosuppressive macrophages by targeting SLAMF7-regulated CCL2 signaling sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to immunotherapy.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have limited efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in HCC, suggesting that a better understanding of the intrinsic processes by which tumor cells regulate macrophages could help identify strategies to improve response to immunotherapy. As signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family members regulate various immune functions, we investigated the role of specific SLAM receptors in the immunobiology of HCC. Comparison of the transcriptomic landscapes of immunotherapy-responsive and non-responsive advanced HCC patients identified SLAMF7 upregulation in immunotherapy-responsive HCC, and HCC patients who responded to immunotherapy also displayed higher serum levels of SLAMF7. Loss of Slamf7 in liver-specific knockout mice led to increased hepatocarcinogenesis and metastasis, elevated immunosuppressive macrophage infiltration, and upregulated PD-1 expression in CD8+ T cells. HCC cell-intrinsic SLAMF7 suppressed MAPK/ATF2-mediated CCL2 expression to regulate macrophage migration and polarization in vitro. Mechanistically, SLAMF7 associated with SH2 domain-containing adaptor protein B (SHB) through its cytoplasmic 304 tyrosine site to facilitate the recruitment of SHIP1 to SLAMF7 and inhibit the ubiquitination of TRAF6, thereby attenuating MAPK pathway activation and CCL2 transcription. Pharmacological antagonism of the CCL2/CCR2 axis potentiated the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 antibody in orthotopic HCC mouse models with low SLAMF7 expression. In conclusion, this study highlights SLAMF7 as a regulator of macrophage function and a potential predictive biomarker of immunotherapy response in HCC. Strategies targeting CCL2 signaling to induce macrophage repolarization in HCC with low SLAMF7 might enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.

ALKBH5 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by regulating TTI1 expression.

The objective of this research was to investigate the potential mechanisms of AlkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase (ALKBH5) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Kruskal-Wallis method and Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis to study the expression of ALKBH5 and its correlation with clinical factors in HCC. In vitro experiments verified the expression of ALKBH5 and its effect on HCC cell phenotype. We screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from HCC patients associated with ALKBH5. Through this screening we identified the downstream gene TTI1 which is associated with ALKBH5 and investigated its function using Gene Expression Profiling Interaction Analysis (GEPIA) along with univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Finally, we analyzed the functions of ALKBH5 and TTI1 in HCC cells. Across numerous pan-cancer types, we observed significant overexpression of ALKBH5. In vitro experiments confirmed ALKBH5 as an oncogene in HCC, with its knockdown leading to suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Bioinformatics analyses also demonstrated a significant positive correlation between ALKBH5 and TTI1. TTI1, highly expressed in cells, showed promising prognostic ability for patients. Further experiments confirmed that suppressing TTI1 impeded cell growth and movement, with this effect partially offset by increased ALKBH5 expression. Conversely, promoting these cellular processes was observed with TTI1 overexpression, but was dampened by decreased ALKBH5 expression. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ALKBH5 may influence proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC by modulating TTI1 expression, providing a new direction for treating HCC.

Chemokine CCL21 determines immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma by affecting neutrophil polarization.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor and great heterogeneity among individuals. Chemokines are highly correlated with tumor immune response. Here, we aimed to identify an effective chemokine for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in HCC. METHODS: Chemokine C-C motif ligand 21 (CCL21) was screened by transcriptomic analysis in tumor tissues from HCC patients with different responses to ICIs. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was conducted to construct a predictive nomogram. Neutrophils in vitro and HCC subcutaneous tumor model in vivo were applied to explore the role of CCL21 on the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC. RESULTS: Transcriptome analysis showed that CCL21 level was much higher in HCC patients with response to immunotherapy. The predictive nomogram was constructed and validated as a classifier. CCL21 could inhibit N2 neutrophil polarization by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. In addition, CCL21 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs. CONCLUSION: CCL21 may serve as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response in HCC patients. High levels of CCL21 in TME inhibit immunosuppressive polarization of neutrophils. CCL21 in combination with ICIs may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Dual-branch hybrid encoding embedded network for histopathology image classification.

Objective.Learning-based histopathology image (HI) classification methods serve as important tools for auxiliary diagnosis in the prognosis stage. However, most existing methods are focus on a single target cancer due to inter-domain differences among different cancer types, limiting their applicability to different cancer types. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a high-performance HI classification method that aims to address inter-domain differences and provide an improved solution for reliable and practical HI classification.Approach.Firstly, we collect a high-quality hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dataset with enough data to verify the stability and practicability of the method. Secondly, a novel dual-branch hybrid encoding embedded network is proposed, which integrates the feature extraction capabilities of convolutional neural network and Transformer. This well-designed structure enables the network to extract diverse features while minimizing redundancy from a single complex network. Lastly, we develop a salient area constraint loss function tailored to the unique characteristics of HIs to address inter-domain differences and enhance the robustness and universality of the methods.Main results.Extensive experiments have conducted on the proposed HCC dataset and two other publicly available datasets. The proposed method demonstrates outstanding performance with an impressive accuracy of 99.09% on the HCC dataset and achieves state-of-the-art results on the other two public datasets. These remarkable outcomes underscore the superior performance and versatility of our approach in multiple HI classification.Significance.The advancements presented in this study contribute to the field of HI analysis by providing a reliable and practical solution for multiple cancer classification, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. Our code is available athttps://github.com/lms-design/DHEE-net.

Functions of Key Enzymes of Glycolytic Metabolism in Tumor Microenvironment.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in tumor initiation, growth and metastasis. Metabolic enzymes involved in tumor glycolytic reprogramming, including hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase, not only play key roles in tumorigenesis and maintaining tumor cell survival, but also take part in the modulation of the TME. Many studies have been devoted to the role of key glycolytic enzymes in the TME over the past decades. We summarize the studies on the role of glycolytic enzymes in the TME of these years and found that glycolytic enzymes remodel the TME primarily through regulating immune escape, angiogenesis, and affecting stromal cells and exosomes. Notably, abnormal tumor vascular system, peritumoral stromal cells, and tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment are important contributors to the failure of antitumor therapy. Therefore, we discuss the mechanisms of regulation by key glycolytic enzymes that may contribute to a promising biomarker for therapeutic intervention. We argue that targeting key glycolytic enzymes in combination with antiprogrammed cell death ligand 1 or antivascular endothelial growth factor could emerge as the more integrated and comprehensive antitumor treatment strategy.

Whole-exome sequencing reveals the metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma from the perspective of tumor and circulating tumor DNA.

BACKGROUND: Relapse of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to vascular invasion is common, but the genomic mechanisms remain unclear, and molecular determinants of high-risk relapse cases are lacking. We aimed to reveal the evolutionary trajectory of microvascular invasion (MVI) and develop a predictive signature for relapse in HCC. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing was performed on tumor and peritumor tissues, portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT), and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to compare the genomic profiles between 5 HCC patients with MVI and 5 patients without MVI. We conducted an integrated analysis of exome and transcriptome to develop and validate a prognostic signature in two public cohorts and one cohort from Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. RESULTS: Shared genomic landscapes and identical clonal origins among tumor, PVTT, and ctDNA were observed in MVI ( +) HCC, suggesting that genomic changes favoring metastasis occur at the primary tumor stage and are inherited in metastatic lesions and ctDNA. There was no clonal relatedness between the primary tumor and ctDNA in MVI ( - ) HCC. HCC had dynamic mutation alterations during MVI and exhibited genetic heterogeneity between primary and metastatic tumors, which can be comprehensively reflected by ctDNA. A relapse-related gene signature named RGSHCC was developed based on the significantly mutated genes associated with MVI and shown to be a robust classifier of HCC relapse. CONCLUSIONS: We characterized the genomic alterations during HCC vascular invasion and revealed a previously undescribed evolution pattern of ctDNA in HCC. A novel multiomics-based signature was developed to identify high-risk relapse populations.

Disruption of SLFN11 Deficiency-Induced CCL2 Signaling and Macrophage M2 Polarization Potentiates Anti-PD-1 Therapy Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is poor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and varies greatly among individuals. Schlafen (SLFN) family members have important functions in immunity and oncology, but their roles in cancer immunobiology remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of the SLFN family in immune responses against HCC. METHODS: Transcriptome analysis was performed in human HCC tissues with or without response to ICIs. A humanized orthotopic HCC mouse model and a co-culture system were constructed, and cytometry by time-of-flight technology was used to explore the function and mechanism of SLFN11 in the immune context of HCC. RESULTS: SLFN11 was significantly up-regulated in tumors that responded to ICIs. Tumor-specific SLFN11 deficiency increased the infiltration of immunosuppressive macrophages and aggravated HCC progression. HCC cells with SLFN11 knockdown promoted macrophage migration and M2-like polarization in a C-C motif chemokine ligand 2-dependent manner, which in turn elevated their own PD-L1 expression by activating the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Mechanistically, SLFN11 suppressed the Notch pathway and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 transcription by binding competitively with tripartite motif containing 21 to the RNA recognition motif 2 domain of RBM10, thereby inhibiting tripartite motif containing 21-mediated RBM10 degradation to stabilize RBM10 and promote NUMB exon 9 skipping. Pharmacologic antagonism of C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 potentiated the antitumor effect of anti-PD-1 in humanized mice bearing SLFN11 knockdown tumors. ICIs were more effective in patients with HCC with high serum SLFN11 levels. CONCLUSIONS: SLFN11 serves as a critical regulator of microenvironmental immune properties and an effective predictive biomarker of ICIs response in HCC. Blockade of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 signaling sensitized SLFN11low HCC patients to ICI treatment.

Downregulation of PDGF-D Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion in Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells.

BACKGROUND: The platelet derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) plays an important role in breast tumor aggressiveness. However, limited study has investigated the effect of silencing PDGF-D on the biological function of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to clarify the potential value of PDGF-D as a target for breast cancer treatment. METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to detect PDGF-D expression in 5 different breast cancer cells. The lentiviral vector was usd to silence PDGF-D in MDA-MB-231 cells. Then, Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium was used to detect cell viability, 5-Ethynyl-2'- deoxyuridine and a soft agar assay were used to detect cell proliferation and clonality. Additionally, cell apoptosis after PDGF-D knockdown was measured by Annexin V/ Prodium Iodide staining, and cell migration was detected by trans-well assay. Survival rate and tumor size were measured by nude mice transplantation. RESULTS: The MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 cell lines showed higher PDGF-D expression than the MCF7 cell lines (P<.05). After the PDGF-D gene was silenced, the growth and colony forming abilitys ignificantly decreased (P<.05) together with the induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells (P<.05). Moreover, MDA-MB-231 cells with PDGF-D silencing showed significantly diminished aggressive migration and invasion potential compared to other cells (P<.05). In vivo experiments also indicated that PDGF-D silencing inhibited tumor growth and improved the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION: Downregulation of PDGF-D had dramatic effects on breast cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration, which indicates that it plays an important role in breast cancer development and progression.

Role of Asxl2 in non­alcoholic steatohepatitis­related hepatocellular carcinoma developed from diabetes.

The present study investigated the mechanism(s) of non­alcoholic steatohepatitis­related hepatocellular carcinoma (NASH­HCC) developed from diabetes. Streptozotocin and a high­fat diet (STZ­HFD) were used to induce NASH­HCC in ApoE­/­ mice. Mouse liver functions were evaluated by H&E staining, liver/body weight and serum biochemical analysis. The expression levels of inflammation­associated factors were determined by RT­qPCR. Gene expression profiles related to molecular functions and pathways of NASH­HCC were examined by principal component analysis, heatmap, gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor tissues were confirmed by RT­qPCR. The expression of Asxl2 in human NASH­HCC, other HCC tissues and HCC cells was measured by western blot (WB analysis) and RT­qPCR. For SNU­182 cells transfected with siAsxl2 or Hep3B cells with Asxl2 overexpression, cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion were respectively determined by CCK­8 assays, flow cytometry, wounding healing and Transwell assays. The expression levels of cell metastasis­ and cycle­related proteins were determined by WB analysis and RT­qPCR. NASH­HCC model mice exhibited tumor protrusion with severe steatosis. The blood glucose concentration, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and low­density lipoprotein (LDL), total bile acid (TBA) and the levels of interleukin (IL)­6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)­α, glypican 3 (GPC3) and transforming growth factor (TGF)­ß were all increased in NASH­HCC model mice. DEGs were mainly related to chromosome organization, the cell cycle and the mitogen­activated kinase (MAPK) pathway. Asxl2 was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues and cells, and this regulated cell growth, migration and invasion. The gene expression pattern, related molecular functions and signaling pathways of NASH­HCC differed from those of normal liver tissues. Additionally, the downregulation of Asxl2 may play a potential role in development of NASH­HCC in patients with diabetes.

LncRNA MYLK-AS1 facilitates tumor progression and angiogenesis by targeting miR-424-5p/E2F7 axis and activating VEGFR-2 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in the invasion, angiogenesis, progression, and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The lncRNA MYLK-AS1 promotes the growth and invasion of HCC through the EGFR/HER2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. However, the clinical significance of MYLK-AS1 in HCC still needs to be further determined. METHODS: Bioinformatic analysis was performed to determine the potential relationship among MYLK-AS1, miRNAs and mRNAs. A total of 156 samples of normal liver and paired HCC tissues from HCC patients were used to evaluate MYLK-AS1 expression by qRT-PCR. Human HCC cell lines were used to evaluate the colony formation, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis after transfection of lentiviral short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting MYLK-AS1 or MYLK-AS1 vectors. The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism was clarified using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Western blotting, qPCR, RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), and dual luciferase reporter analysis. RESULTS: MYLK-AS1 up-regulation was detected in the HCC tumor tissues and cell lines associated with the enhancement of the angiogenesis and tumor progression. The down-regulation of MYLK-AS1 reversed the effects on angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion and metastasis in the HCC cells and in vivo. MYLK-AS1 acted as ceRNA, capable of regulating the angiogenesis in HCC, while the microRNA miR-424-5p was the direct target of MYLK-AS1. Promoting the angiogenesis and the tumor proliferation, the complex MYLK-AS1/miR-424-5p activated the VEGFR-2 signaling through E2F7, whereas the specific targeting of E2F transcription factor 7 (E2F7) by miR-424-5p, was indicated by the mechanism studies. CONCLUSIONS: MYLK-AS1 and E2F7 are closely related to some malignant clinicopathological features and prognosis of HCC, thus the MYLK-AS1/ miR-424-5p/E2F7 signaling pathway might represent a promising treatment strategy to combat HCC.

MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in liver surgery: Diagnostic and therapeutic merits.

BACKGROUND: Hepatectomy and liver transplantation (LT) are the two most commonly performed surgical procedures for various hepatic lesions. microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) have been gradually unveiled their roles as either biomarkers for early diagnosis or potentially therapeutic tools to manipulate gene expression in many disease entities. This review aimed to discuss the effects of miRNA or lncRNA in the hepatectomy and LT fields. DATA SOURCES: We did a literature search from 1990 through January 2018 to summarize the currently available evidence with respect to the effects of miRNA and lncRNA in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, as well as their involvement in several key issues related to LT, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, allograft rejection, tolerance, recurrence of original hepatic malignancies, etc. RESULTS: Certain miRNAs and lncRNAs are actively involved in the regulation of various aspects of liver resection and transplantation. During the process of liver regeneration after hepatectomy, the expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs shows dynamic changes. CONCLUSIONS: It is now clear that miRNAs and lncRNAs orchestrate in various aspects of the pathophysiological process of LT and hepatectomy. Better understanding of the underlying mechanism and future clinical trials may strengthen their positions as either biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets in the management of complications after liver surgery.

A rechargeable aqueous aluminum-sulfur battery through acid activation in water-in-salt electrolyte.

We demonstrated a rechargeable aqueous Al-S battery based on a water-in-salt electrolyte with the configuration Al‖Al(OTF)3 + LiTFSI + HCl‖S/C. The superconcentrated LiTFSI trapped water molecules to inhibit the hydrolysis of aluminum polysulfides in the cathode, and the HCl additive provided a mild acidic environment to enable repeatable oxidation-reduction reactions in the anode.

Comprehensively Analyzed Macrophage-Regulated Genes Indicate That PSMA2 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Here, we identified tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as regulators of genes in CRC. In total, the expressions of 457 genes were dysregulated after TAM coculture; specifically, 344 genes were up-regulated, and 113 genes were down-regulated. Bioinformatic analysis implied that these TAM-related genes were associated with regulation of the processes of macromolecule metabolism, apoptosis, cell death, programmed cell death, and the response to stress. To further uncover the interplay among these proteins, we constructed a PPI network; 15 key regulators were identified in CRC, including VEGFA, FN1, JUN, CDH1, MAPK8, and FOS. Among the identified genes, we focused on PSMA2 and conducted loss-of-function experiments to validate the functions of PSMA2 in CRC. To further determine the mechanism by which PSMA2 affected CRC, we conducted multiple assays in CRC cell lines and tissues. PSMA2 enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells. Moreover, our data indicated that PSMA2 expression was dramatically increased in stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4 CRC samples. Our data indicated that PSMA2 was one target of miR-132. A miR-132 mimic greatly hindered CRC cell proliferation. In addition, the luciferase assay results revealed that miR-132 directly regulated PSMA2. Moreover, our data indicated that miR-132 expression was greatly decreased in CRC samples, which was associated with longer survival times of CRC patients, implying that miR-132 was a probable biomarker for CRC. Collectively, these data indicate that PSMA2 is a promising target for the therapy of CRC.

A robust 6-mRNA signature for prognosis prediction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide. PDAC prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers are still being explored. The aim of this study is to establish a robust molecular signature that can improve the ability to predict PDAC prognosis. 155 overlapping differentially expressed genes between tumor and non-tumor tissues from three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were explored. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method (LASSO) Cox regression model was employed for selecting prognostic genes. We developed a 6-mRNA signature that can distinguish high PDAC risk patients from low risk patients with significant differences in overall survival (OS). We further validated this signature prognostic value in three independent cohorts (GEO batch, P < 0.0001; ICGC, P = 0.0036; Fudan, P = 0.029). Furthermore, we found that our signature remained significant in patients with different histologic grade, TNM stage, locations of tumor entity, age and gender. Multivariate cox regression analysis showed that 6-mRNA signature can be an independent prognostic marker in each of the cohorts. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis also showed that our signature possessed a better predictive role of PDAC prognosis. Moreover, the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis showed that several tumorigenesis and metastasis related pathways were indeed associated with higher scores of risk. In conclusion, identifying the 6-mRNA signature could provide a valuable classification method to evaluate clinical prognosis and facilitate personalized treatment for PDAC patients. New therapeutic targets may be developed upon the functional analysis of the classifier genes and their related pathways.

Cross-talk among AFAP1-AS1, ACVR1 and microRNA-384 regulates the stemness of pancreatic cancer cells and tumorigenicity in nude mice.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents one of the most aggressive forms of cancer. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been highlighted in various malignancies including PC. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects associated with actin filament-associated protein 1 antisense RNA 1 (AFAP1-AS1) on the progression of PC and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Microarray-based gene expression profiling of PC was performed to identify PC-related lncRNAs, after which the expression of AFAP1-AS1 and cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in PC tissues and cells were determined accordingly. The potential microRNA-384 (miR-384) capable of binding to AFAP1-AS1, in addition to its ability to regulate activin receptor A type I (ACVR1) were analyzed. In order to investigate the effect of the AFAP1-AS1/miR-384/ACVR1 axis on self-renewal ability, tumorigenicity, invasion, migration and stemness of PC cells, shRNA-AFAP1-AS1, miR-384 mimic and inhibitor were cloned into cells. RESULTS: High expression of AFAP1-AS1 and ACVR1 with low expression of miR-384 were detected in PC tissues. ACVR1 was determined to be down-regulated when miR-384 was overexpressed, while the inhibition of AFAP1-AS1 decreased its ability to binding competitively to miR-384, resulting in the down-regulation of ACVR1 and enhancing miR-384 expression, ultimately inhibiting the progression of PC. The knockdown of AFAP1-AS1 or overexpression of miR-384 was confirmed to impair PC cell self-renewal ability, tumorigenicity, invasion, migration and stemness. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, AFAP1-AS1 functions as an endogenous RNA by competitively binding to miR-384 to regulate ACVR1, thus conferring inhibitory effects on PC cell stemness and tumorigenicity.

Total flavonoid aglycones extract in Radix Scutellariae induces cross-regulation between autophagy and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Radix Scutellariae (RS), the dried root of Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi, known as a herbal medicine in several Asian countries including China, has been widely used to treat inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular disease as well as cancer. The total flavonoid aglycone extracted (TFAE) was extracted by ethyl acetate and this extraction methodology was optimized and obtained the protection of Chinese patents. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the underlying mechanism of the chemotherapeutic effects of TFAE in inducing autophagy and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed CCK8 assays, AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining, flow cytometry assays, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot to study the molecular mechanism of TFAE in inducing autophagy and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: In vitro, TFAE exhibits significant anti-tumor activity against pancreatic cancer cell lines, especially for BxPC3 (IC50 = 6.5 µg mL-1). Moreover, TFAE induces apoptosis and autophagy as evidenced by the increased apoptosis or autophagy-related protein level, the increased the fraction of apoptotic cells and the punctuate patterns of LC3 II. Furthermore, TFAE induce autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibition. Interestingly, pharmacological block autophagy by 3-MA enhanced TFAE-induced apoptosis, indicating that TFAE induced autophagy functions as a cytoprotective process against apoptosis. In vivo, 150 mg/kg TFAE inhibited the BxPC3 tumor growth in immune deficient mice with the inhibitory rate of 66.87% and induced both apoptosis and autophagy. CONCLUSION: TFAE have anti-tumor activity against pancreatic cancer and can induce apoptosis and autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway. TFAE might be a potential anticancer drug to be further developed for human pancreatic cancer therapy.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH10 promotes gastric cancer growth and is a potential biomarker for gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer is a fatal disease and the availability of early diagnostic methods is limited. There is an urgent need to identify effective targets for early diagnosis and therapeutics. UbcH10 is a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme with high expression in various types of cancers. In the present study, several gastric tumor cell lines with high or low expression of UbcH10 were exploited to study the role of UbcH10 in gastric cancer. Knockdown of UbcH10 expression using siRNA in gastric cancer cell lines with high expression of UbcH10 resulted in reduced proliferation, increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis and reduced serum-induced ERK, Akt and p38 phosphorylation signaling. In agreement, overexpression of UbcH10 in gastric cancer cell lines with low expression of UbcH10 led to enhanced cell proliferation and resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Most importantly, IHC analyses showed that the UbcH10 protein was expressed at a high level in most patient gastric cancer tissues, but was absent in adjacent mesenchyme tissues. These data suggest that UbcH10 may promote gastric cancer growth and can serve as a biomarker for diagnosis or as a target for novel therapeutics in gastric cancer.