Tuberculosis screening among newly arrived asylum seekers in Denmark.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) screening programmes among asylum seekers tend to focus on chest radiography (CXR) for early diagnosis, whereas knowledge on sputum examination is limited. We evaluated active TB screening using CXR and sputum culture among asylum seekers arriving in Denmark. In addition, we assessed the coverage of a voluntary health assessment. METHODS: Between 1 February 2017 and 31 March 2019, all newly arrived asylum seekers in Denmark ≥ 18 years from TB high-incidence countries or risk groups, who attended a voluntary general health assessment, were offered active TB screening with CXR and spot sputum examination. Sputum samples were examined by culture and smear microscopy. RESULTS: Coverage of the general health assessment was 65.1%. Among 1,154 referred for active TB screening, 923 (80.0%) attended. Of these, 854 were screened by CXR and one case of active TB was identified equivalent to a yield of 0.12%. Sputum samples were collected from 758 and one M. tuberculosis culture-positive TB case (also identified by CXR) was identified, equivalent to a yield of 0.13%. No cases were found by sputum culture screening only. In addition, screening found three cases of malignant disease. CONCLUSION: We suggest that TB screening should focus on asylum seekers from TB high-incidence countries. Furthermore, early health assessments should be of high priority to ensure migrant health.

Scald Injury-Induced T Cell Dysfunction Can Be Mitigated by Gr1+ Cell Depletion and Blockage of CD47/CD172a Signaling.

Infection is a common and severe complication of burn injury: Sepsis accounts for 47% of postburn mortality. Burn-induced T cell suppression likely contributes to the increased infection susceptibility in burn patients. However, little is known about the kinetics of T cell dysfunction after burn and its underlying mechanisms. In this study, we show in a murine scald injury model that T cell activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as T cell cytokine production is suppressed acutely and persistently for at least 11 days after burn injury. Purified T cells from scald-injured mice exhibit normal T cell functions, indicating an extrinsically mediated defect. We further show that T cell dysfunction after burn appears to be cell-to-cell contact dependent and can be ameliorated by depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These cells expand after burn injury, particularly a subset expressing the checkpoint inhibitor CD172a, and infiltrate germinal centers. Expression of CD172a appears to be driven by ingestion of immature reticulocytes. Immature reticulocytes are drastically increased in the spleen of scald mice and may contribute to immunosuppression through more direct mechanisms as well. Overall, our study newly identifies two cell populations, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immature reticulocytes, as well as the CD47/CD172a-signaling pathways as mediators of T cell suppressors after burn and thus opens up new research opportunities in the search for new therapies to combat increased infection susceptibility and the associated morbidity and mortality in burn victims.

Infecção natural por Cryptosporidium sp. em aves domésticas comercializadas em mercados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Natural infection by Cryptosporidium sp. in domestic fowls sold at local markets

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a dinâmica, a ocorrência, a morfometria de oocistos e os períodos patentes de Cryptosporidium sp. em aves domésticas, patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pintos (Gallus gallus) e codornas (Coturnix japonica), naturalmente infectadas, provenientes de dois mercados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Houve diferenças quanto à ocorrência da infecção entre os dois locais e entre pintos e patos, mas não entre codornas. Para a morfometria, foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas medidas dos diâmetros maior e menor e para o índice morfométrico calculado (P<0,01). Já entre pintos e codornas não houve diferenças (P>0,05). Na comparação do período de eliminação, patos tiveram um maior período com maiores quantidades de oocistos eliminados. Codornas e pintos apresentaram dinâmica de eliminação semelhante e não houve diferença quanto à concentração de oocistos. Pintos foram mais susceptíveis à infecção seguidos por patos e codornas. Pode-se concluir que a infecção natural por Cryptoporidium sp. foi frequente nas aves estudadas. Patos, pintos e codornas podem ser disseminadores do protozoário em mercados municipais do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Assim, podem constituir risco de infecção.

The objective of the current study was comparing the dynamic and occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp., as well as the morphometry and elimination period of oocysts in naturally infected ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) from two local markets of Rio de Janeiro, RJ. There were significant differences considering the occurrence of infection between the two markets, and also between chickens and ducks, but not among Japanese quails. Also, significant statistical differences were observed in morphometry, considering the major and minor diameters of oocysts and the calculated morphometric index (P<0.01); however, there was no difference between chickens and Japanese quails (P>0.05). According to the elimination period, ducks eliminated oocysts for a longer period and in a higher number. Japanese quails and chickens had a similar dynamic of oocysts elimination, no difference in its concentration was observed. Chickens were the most susceptible bird species to Cryptosporidium sp. infection, followed by ducks and Japanese quails. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium sp. natural infection was commonly found in the studied fowls. Ducks, chickens and Japanese quails may disseminate this protozoan in local markets of Rio de Janeiro, representing risk of infection.

Freqüência de moscas (Diptera, Cyclorrapha) de importância médico veterinária no Zoológico da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Brasil, 2 / Frequence of flies (diptera, cyclorrapha) with vererinary importance at the zoological garden of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) Brasil, 2

A freqüência de moscas no zoológico da UFMT foi estudada, realizando-se capturas no período de maio de 1997 a abril de 1998. Foram utilizadas três armadilhas orientadas pelo vento, com iscas de banana, fezes e peixe. A revisão das armadilhas foi feita a cada três dias, para troca das iscas e coleta das moscas capturadas. Ao todo foram capturados 5438 dípteros. Destes 95,66 por cento (5202) pertenciam as famílias Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae e 4,34 por cento (236) não foram identificados. O gênero Chrysomya foi o mais prevalente durante todo o ano de estudo, apresentando picos em junho, agosto e outubro de 1997, com o maior pico ocorrendo em março de 1998, com 904 espécimes capturados. No período de maio a dezembro de 1997 as moscas do gênero Chrysomya foram mais atraídas pela armadilha com isca de peixe e de janeiro a abril 1998 pela armadilha com isca de banana. Os meses de menor freqüência foram maio e novembro de 1997 e abril de 1998.

Frequencia de moscas (diptera, cyclorrapha) de importancia médico veterinária no zoológico da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Brasil, 1 / Frequence of flies with veterinary importance at the zoological garden of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil

From january until december 1996 were used three wind oriented traps (WOT) with different baits: banana, feces and fish. The traps have been installed in different places in the zoological garden. The inspection of the WOT was made at every 72 hours. The flies collected were classified, using the key proposed by James (1964). During the experiment period 3563 diptera have been capture, that is 90,18 percent (3213) classified as calliphoridae, muscidae and sarcophagidae, and 9,82 percent (350) don't classified. The WOT, who captured the major number of flies, was the one baited with fish. The genera chrysomyia was prevalent over any other genera during all the year, with major number (852 specimens) captured in july (201 specimens). From january until march chrysomyia prefered the banana baited trap