Microbial- and Plant-Derived Bioactive Peptides and Their Applications against Foodborne Pathogens: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Bioactive peptides (BAPs) obtained from plants and microbes have been thoroughly explored and studied due to their prophylactic properties. The use of BAPs seems to be a promising substitute for several currently available antibiotics because of their antimicrobial properties against foodborne pathogens. BAPs have several other useful properties including antitumor, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antiobesity, and antidiabetic activities. Nowadays, scientists have attempted to recombinantly synthesize bioactive peptides to study their characteristics and potential uses, since BAPs are not found in large quantities in nature. Many pathogenic microorganisms including foodborne pathogens are becoming resistant to various antibiotics. To combat these pathogens, scientists are working to find novel, innovative, and safe antimicrobial agents. Plant- and microbe-based BAPs have demonstrated noteworthy antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including foodborne pathogens. BAPs can kill pathogenic microorganisms by disrupting membrane integrity, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, preventing protein synthesis, blocking protein activity, or interacting with certain intracellular targets. In addition, the positive effect of BAP consumption extends to gut microbiota modulation and affects the equilibrium of reactive oxygen species in the gut. This article discusses recombinant BAPs, BAPs generated from plants and microbes, and their antimicrobial applications and modes of action for controlling foodborne pathogens.

Isolation and characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain named Terrimonas ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. with ginsenoside-converting activity.

A novel yellow-pigmented catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterial strain (designated NA20T) was isolated from wetland soil and characterized. Results of 16S rRNA and draft genome sequence analysis placed strain NA20T within the genus Terrimonas of the family Chitinophagaceae. Strain NA20T showed ≤97.1 % sequence similarity to members of the genus Terrimonas and the highest sequence similarity was found to Terrimonas lutea DYT (97.1%). The draft genome of strain NA20T had a total length of 7 144 125 base pairs. A total of 5659 genes were identified, of which 5613 were CDS and 46 RNA genes were assigned a putative function. Mining the genomes revealed the presence of 225 carbohydrate genes out of 1334 genes. Strain NA20T contained iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) as major fatty acids. The predominant quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown polar lipid and one unknown aminophospholipid. Additionally, the functional analysis of NA20T showed the conversion of protopanaxatriol-mix type major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc and Rd) to minor ginsenosides F2 and weak conversion of Rh2 and C-K within 24 h. As a result, the genotypic, phenotypic and taxonomic analyses support the affiliation of NA20T within the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NA20T (=KACC 22218T=LMG 32198T).

Chitosan-Coated Polymeric Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Potential Antibacterial Applications: A Review.

Biosynthesized metal nanoparticles, especially silver and gold nanoparticles, and their conjugates with biopolymers have immense potential in various fields of science due to their enormous applications, including biomedical applications. Polymeric nanoparticles are particles of small sizes from 1 nm to 1000 nm. Among different polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles have gained significant interest from researchers due to their various biomedical applications, such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory technologies, as well as targeted drug delivery, etc. Multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria have become a serious threat to public health day by day. Novel, effective, and safe antibacterial agents are required to control these multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles could be effective and safe agents for controlling these pathogens. It is proven that both chitosan and silver or gold nanoparticles have strong antibacterial activity. By the conjugation of biopolymer chitosan with silver or gold nanoparticles, the stability and antibacterial efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria will be increased significantly, as well as their toxicity in humans being decreased. In recent years, chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated due to their potential applications in nanomedicine. This review discusses the biologically facile, rapid, and ecofriendly synthesis of chitosan-coated silver and gold nanoparticles; their characterization; and potential antibacterial applications against multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Polyphenols Targeting Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury: Current Status and Future Vision.

A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord is deteriorated or traumatized, leading to motor and sensory functions lost even totally or partially. An imbalance within the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense levels results in oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation. After SCI, OS and occurring pathways of inflammations are significant strenuous drivers of cross-linked dysregulated pathways. It emphasizes the significance of multitarget therapy in combating SCI consequences. Polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites originating from plants, have the promise to be used as alternative therapeutic agents to treat SCI. Secondary metabolites have activity on neuroinflammatory, neuronal OS, and extrinsic axonal dysregulated pathways during the early stages of SCI. Experimental and clinical investigations have noted the possible importance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in moderating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators and axonal regeneration's extrinsic pathways after the SCI probable significance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in mediating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators. Furthermore, combining polyphenols could be a way to lessen the effects of SCI.

Nanoemulsion and Encapsulation Strategy of Hydrophobic Oregano Essential Oil Increased Human Prostate Cancer Cell Death via Apoptosis by Attenuating Lipid Metabolism.

Origanum vulgare essential oil (EO) is traditionally well-known for its aromatic properties and biomedical applications, including anticancer. This was the first report where oregano essential oil-based nano emulsion (OENE) was synthesized for studying its effects on prostate cancer cell lines (PC3). At first, we have synthesized OENE and characterized using various spectroscopic analyses. The toxicity and inhibitory concentration (IC50) of OENE toward prostate cancer by MTT analysis were performed. The lipid biogenesis mediated, molecular target pathway analyses were performed using fluorescence cellular staining techniques, real-time RT-PCR, or western blotting analysis. OENE showed IC50 at 13.82 µg/mL and significantly induced distinct morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, cell density, and cell shape reduction. In addition, OENE could also significantly decreased lipid droplet accumulation which was confirmed by studying mRNA transcripts of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) (0.31-fold), fatty acid synthase (FASN) (0.18-fold), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREPB1) (0.11-fold), respectively. Furthermore, there is a significant upregulation BAX (BCL2 associated X) and caspase 3 expressions. Nevertheless, OENE decreased the transcript level of BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), thus resulting in apoptosis. Overall, our present work demonstrated that OENE could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer and warrants in vivo studies.

Bioinformatics approaches identified dasatinib and bortezomib inhibit the activity of MCM7 protein as a potential treatment against human cancer.

Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7 (MCM7) is a key component of the DNA replication licensing factor and hexamer MCM (MCM2-7) complex that regulates the DNA replication process. The MCM7 protein is associated with tumor cell proliferation that plays an important role in different human cancer progression. As the protein is highly expressed during the cancer development process, therefore, inhibition of the protein can be utilized as a treatment option for different human cancer. However, the study aimed to identify potential small molecular drug candidates against the MCM7 protein that can utilize treatment options for human cancer. Initially, the compounds identified from protein-drugs network analysis have been retrieved from NetworkAnalyst v3.0 server and screened through molecular docking, MM-GBSA, DFT, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach. Two compounds namely Dasatinib (CID_3062316) and Bortezomib (CID_387447) have been identified throughout the screening process, which have the highest negative binding affinity (Kcal/mol) and binding free energy (Kcal/mol). The pharmacokinetics and toxicity analysis identified drug-like properties and no toxicity properties of the compounds, where 500 ns MD simulation confirmed structural stability of the two compounds to the targeted proteins. Therefore, we can conclude that the compounds dasatinib and bortezomib can inhibit the activity of the MCM7 and can be developed as a treatment option against human cancer.

Isolation, characterisation and genome analysis of a novel ginsenosides hydrolysing bacterium Ginsengibacter hankyongi gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from soil.

A novel yellow-pigmented bacterial strain (designated BR5-29T), was isolated and its taxonomy was studied. Phylogenetic study based on the 16S rRNA and draft genome sequence placed the strain BR5-29T in a distinct lineage within the family Chitinophagaceae, sharing ≤ 93.4% sequence similarity with members of the closely related genera Ferruginibacter, Flavisolibacter, Flavitalea and Niastella. The novel isolate showed the highest sequence similarity to the genus Ferruginibacter. The draft genome of strain BR5-29T had a total length of 5,505,520 base pairs. A total of 4585 genes were identified, in which 4537 were CDS and 48 RNA genes were assigned a putative function. The genome annotation of BR5-29T showed 225 carbohydrate genes which may be responsible for the conversion of major ginsenosides to minor ginsenosides. Strain BR5-29T contained MK-7 as a predominant quinone, and iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 G, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c (summed feature 3) as major fatty acids. The polar lipids found in the strain BR5-29T were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), five unidentified polar lipids (L1-L5), two unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified aminophospholipid. Our pilot data demonstrate that the novel isolate shares the similar major polar lipid PE, major quinone MK-7 and major fatty acids with the described members of the family Chitinophagaceae. However, the low 16S rRNA gene sequence (< 93.4%), the little high amount of C12:0, iso-C17:0 2-OH and iso-C15:1 2-OH fatty acids, low DNA G + C content, and the presence of DPG, PG and two unidentified polar lipids (L1 and L3 differentiate the BR5-29T from its closest phylogenetic neighbors. Thus, the isolate represents a novel genus and species in the family Chitinophagaceae for which the name Ginsengibacter hankyongi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BR5-29T (= KACC 19446T = LMG 30462T). Thus, we predict that this novel strain may prove useful for the future research analysis (target gene cloning) and mass production of Rg3.

Flavobacterium agri sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from rhizospheric soil of Coriandrum sativum.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, cream yellow colored, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated MAH-1T was isolated from rhizospheric soil of Coriandrum sativum. A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on the isolated strain. Optimal growth occurred at 28-30 °C, pH 6.5 and 0% NaCl. The strain showed activity for both catalase and oxidase tests. Cell growth occurs on R2A agar, nutrient agar and Luria-Bertani agar. Cells were able to hydrolyze starch, aesculin, gelatin, and Tween 20. Alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MAH-1T was associated with the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium longum YIT 12745T (94.5% sequence similarity) and Flavobacterium caeni LM5T (93.0%). Strain MAH-1T had a genome size of 3,975,600 bp. Genome contained 67 contigs encoded by 3,522 protein-coding genes with 38 tRNA and 6 rRNA genes. The genomic DNA G + C contents of strain MAH-1T was 47.1 mol %. The genomic ANI and dDDH values between strain MAH-1T and one of the close relatives F. caeni LM5T were 72.2 and 18.8%, respectively. The major fatty acids were C15:0 iso, C16:0 iso and C15:0 anteiso. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Based on physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic data for this isolate, it was confirmed that strain MAH-1T was affiliated to the genus Flavobacterium and represented a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium agri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MAH-1T (= KACC 19300T = CGMCC 1.16617T).

Citral Induced Apoptosis through Modulation of Key Genes Involved in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells: In Silico and In Vitro Study.

The isomers of citral (cis-citral and trans-citral) were isolated from the Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf oil demonstrates many therapeutic properties including anticancer properties. However, the effects of citral on suppressing human prostate cancer and its underlying molecular mechanism have yet to be elucidated. The citral was isolated from lemongrass oil using various spectroscopic analyses, such as electron ionized mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy respectively. We carried out 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the cell viability of citral in prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and PC3M). Furthermore, to confirm that PC3 undergoes apoptosis by inhibiting lipogenesis, we used several detection methods including flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation, Hoechst staining, PI staining, oil staining, qPCR, and Western blotting. Citral impaired the clonogenic property of the cancer cells and altered the morphology of cancer cells. Molecular interaction studies and the PASS biological program predicted that citral isomers tend to interact with proteins involved in lipogenesis and the apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, citral suppressed lipogenesis of prostate cancer cells through the activation of AMPK phosphorylation and downregulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1) and apoptosis of PC3 cells by upregulating BAX and downregulating Bcl-2 expression. In addition, in silico studies such as ADMET predicted that citral can be used as a safe potent drug for the treatment of prostate cancer. Our results indicate that citral may serve as a potential candidate against human prostate cancer and warrants in vivo studies.

Lysobacter lacus sp. nov., isolated from from lake sediment.

An aerobic and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated UKS-15T, was isolated from lake water in the Republic of Korea. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the novel isolate belongs to the genus Lysobacter and was most closely related to Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52T (98.0 %), Lysobacter mobilis 9 NM-14T (97.4 %) and Lysobacter humi FJY8T (97.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 69.1 mol%. Strain UKS-15T possessed ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the sole respiratory quinone and the fatty acid profile comprised iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl) as its major components. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminophospholipid. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (<22.0 %) allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain UKS-15T from other Lysobacter species. Therefore, on the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain UKS-15T should represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UKS-15T (=JCM 30983T=KACC 18719T).

Sphingobium chungangianum sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Pinus koraiensis.

A novel Gram-staining negative, yellow-pigmented, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated MAH-11T, was isolated from rhizosphere of Pinus koraiensis and was characterised by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The colonies were smooth, circular and 0.3-1.0 mm in diameter when grown on R2A agar for 3 days. The strain was positive for both catalase and oxidase tests. Optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 °C and 7.0, respectively. Cell growth occurs on R2A agar, nutrient agar, Luria-Bertani agar and tryptone soya agar but not on MacConkey agar. The novel strain was found to be able to hydrolyse esculin but not casein, gelatin, starch, L-tyrosine, DNA, L-arginine, urea, Tween 20 and Tween 80. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-11T belongs to the genus Sphingobium and is closely related to Sphingobium quisquiliarum P25T (98.1%), Sphingobium vermicomposti VC-230T (97.8%), Sphingobium mellinum WI4T (97.5%), Sphingobium barthaii KK22T (97.2%) and Sphingobium fuliginis TKPT (97.2%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness values between strain MAH-11T and its close phylogenetic neighbors were below 45.0%. The DNA G+C content was 64.5 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-10. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) and C16:0. The DNA-DNA hybridization results in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-11T represents a novel species within the genus Sphingobium, for which the name Sphingobium chungangianum is proposed. The type strain is MAH-11T (= KACC 19836T = CGMCC 1.13749T).

Mucilaginibacter formosus sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from road-side soil.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated as MAH-5T, was isolated from a road-side soil sample and was characterised by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The colonies were observed to be yellowish orange in colour, smooth, circular and 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter when grown on nutrient agar for 2 days. Strain MAH-5T was found to be able to grow at 15-35 °C and at pH 4.0-8.0. The strain was observed to be positive for both the catalase and oxidase tests. Cells were found to be able to hydrolyse aesculin, gelatin and starch. By 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Mucilaginibacter and to be closely related to Mucilaginibacter panaciglaebae BXN5-31T (98.35%), Mucilaginibacter soyangensis HME6664T (97.82%), Mucilaginibacter antarcticus S14-88T (97.49%) and Mucilaginibacter ximonensis XM-003T (97.06%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness values between strain MAH-5T and its close phylogenetic neighbors were below 45.0%. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain MAH-5T was determined to be 41.5 mol% and the predominant isoprenoid quinine was identified as MK-7. The major fatty acids were identified as C15:0 iso and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). The genetic characteristics, in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data, demonstrated that the isolated strain MAH-5T represents a novel species within the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter formosus sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-5T as the type strain (= KACC 19291T = CGMCC1.16489T).

Biological Synthesis of Ginsenoside Rd Using Paenibacillus horti sp. nov. Isolated from Vegetable Garden.

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, and ginsenoside Rd producing novel bacterial strain, designated as MAH-16T, was isolated from soil sample of a vegetable garden and was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The colonies were beige color, smooth, circular, and 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter when grown on tryptone soya agar for 3 days. Strain MAH-16T can grow at 20-40 °C temperature, at pH 5.0-7.0 and at 0-1% NaCl. Cell growth occurs on nutrient agar, R2A agar, tryptone soya agar, and Luria-Bertani agar but not on MacConkey agar. The strain was positive for both catalase and oxidase test. The novel strain rapidly synthesized ginsenoside Rd from major ginsenoside Rb1. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Paenibacillus and was most closely related to Paenibacillus barengoltzii SAFN-016T (97.1%), Paenibacillus faecis 656.84T (96.7%), and Paenibacillus konsidensis LBYT (96.2%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-16T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor was below 45.0%. The genomic DNA G + C content of isolated strain was determined to be 52.0 mol% and the predominant isoprenoid quinine was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0. The genetic characteristics in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-16T represented a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus horti sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-16T as the type strain (=KACC 19299T = CGMCC1.16487T).

Microvirga rosea sp. nov.: a nanoparticle producing bacterium isolated from soil of rose garden.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-2T, was isolated from a soil sample of rose garden and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The colonies were light pink color, smooth, circular and 0.2-0.6 mm in diameter when grown on nutrient agar for 3 days. Strain MAH-2T grows at 15-40 °C (optimum growth temperature 30 °C), at pH 5.0-7.0 (optimum growth pH 6.5) and at 0-2% NaCl (optimum 0-0.5%). Cell growth occurs on nutrient agar and R2A agar but not on tryptone soya agar, luria-bertani agar and MacConkey agar. The strain was positive for both catalase and oxidase tests. The strain was able to synthesis of silver nanoparticles. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Microvirga and was most closely related to Microvirga soli R491T (96.7% sequence similarity), Microvirga subterranea Fail4T (96.4%), Microvirga guangxiensis 25BT (96.0%) and Microvirga aerophila 5420S-12T (95.9%). The genomic DNA G + C content of isolated strain was determined to be 62.5 mol% and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c) and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. On the basis of these phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic studies and DNA-DNA hybridization results, the isolated strain MAH-2T represents a novel species, for which the name Microvirga rosea sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-2T as the type strain (= KACC 19290T = CGMCC1.16488T).

Sphingobium tyrosinilyticum sp. nov., a tyrosine hydrolyzing bacterium isolated from Korean radish garden.

A yellow-pigmented novel bacterial strain, MAH-12T, was isolated from a soil sample of Korean radish garden and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-staining negative, non-motile and rod-shaped. The strain was aerobic, catalase positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 °C and 6.0, respectively. The novel strain is able to hydrolyze L-tyrosine, starch, esculin and 4-nitrophenyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-12T belongs to the genus Sphingobium and is most closely related to several Sphingobium type strains (97.2-97.8%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-12T and its closest phylogenetic neighbors was below 45.0%. The DNA G + C content was 64.0 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c) and C16:0. The DNA-DNA hybridization results and results of the genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-12T represented a novel species within the genus Sphingobium, for which the name Sphingobium tyrosinilyticum is proposed. The type strain is MAH-12T (= KACC 19297T = CGMCC 1.16225T). The NCBI GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MAH-12T is KY964278 and the digital protologue database taxon number of strain MAH-12T is TA00463.

Luteibacter pinisoli sp. nov., a casein degrading bacterium isolated from rhizospheric soil of Pinus koraiensis.

A yellow pigmented, Gram-staining negative, motile and rod-shaped novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-14T was isolated from rhizospheric soil and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The isolated strain was aerobic, oxidase and catalase were positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 °C and 6.5, respectively. The novel strain is able to hydrolyze casein, starch, esculin, gelatin, L-tyrosine, DNA, tween 80, tween 20, L-arginine and 4-nitrophenyl-BD-galactopyranoside. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-14T belongs to the genus Luteibacter and is most closely related to Luteibacter yeojuensis R2A16-10T (98.5%), Luteibacter anthropi CCUG 25036T (98.4%) and Luteibacter rhizovicinus LJ96T (98.3%). In DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-14T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor was below 45.0%. The predominant respiratory quinone and the DNA G + C content of the novel strain were ubiquinone-8 and 63.5 mol%, respectively. The novel strain MAH-14T is able to produce flexirubin-type pigments. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) and summed feature 9 (C17:1 iso ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl). The DNA-DNA hybridization results and results of the genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data revealed that strain MAH-14T represented a novel species within the genus Luteibacter, for which the name Luteibacter pinisoli, is proposed. The type strain is MAH-14T (= KACC 19298T = CGMCC 1.16227T).

Flavobacterium hankyongi sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KTCe-4T, was isolated from activated sludge. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the novel isolate was found to belong to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacteriumterrae DSM 18829T (97.8 %), Flavobacteriumvireti THG-SM1T (97.8 %), Flavobacteriumbrevivitae TTM-43T (97.4 %) and shared <96.4 % sequence similarity to the other members of the genus. Strain KTCe-4T contained MK-6 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 G, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 1ω9c, as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified polar lipids and one unknown amino lipid. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain KTCe-4T with respect to type strains of recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium were less than 70 %. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, low values of DNA-DNA hybridization and polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain KTCe-4T represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium hankyongi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Flavobacterium hankyongi is strain KTCe-4T (=KACC 16613T=JCM 18198T).

Flavobacterium chungangensis sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from Soil of Chinese Cabbage Garden.

A novel bacterial strain MAH-10T was isolated from soil sample of a Chinese cabbage garden, Republic of Korea and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-staining negative, rod-shaped, yellowish orange colored, and motile. The strain was aerobic, catalase and oxidase are positive, and optimum growth temperature and pH were 28 °C and 6.5, respectively. Flexirubin-type pigments were found to be present. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-10T belongs to the genus Flavobacterium and is most closely related to Flavobacterium tyrosinilyticum KCTC 42726T (98.7%). On the basis of phylogenetic tree, other closely related species are Flavobacterium banpakuense KACC 14225T (98.3%) and Flavobacterium chungbukense KACC 15048T (97.6%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-10T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor was below 45.0%. The DNA G+C content was 37.2 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso, C16:0, and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization results and genotypic, chemotaxonomic, and physiological data analysis, it is demonstrated that strain MAH-10T represented a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium chungangensis is proposed. The type strain is MAH-10T (=KACC 19296T=CGMCC 1.16226T). The NCBI GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MAH-10T is KY964277 and the digital protologue database (DPD) Taxon Number of strain MAH-10T is TA00296.

Chryseobacterium chungangensis sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from soil of sweet gourd garden.

A novel bacterial strain, named MAH-7T, was isolated from a soil sample of a Korean sweet gourd garden and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-staining negative, orange colored, non-motile and rod shaped. The strain was aerobic and catalase, oxidase positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 °C and 7.0, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-7T belongs to the genus Chryseobacterium and is most closely related to Chryseobacterium formosense CC-H3-2T (97.96%) and Chryseobacterium zeae JM-1085T (97.19%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-7T and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 45.0%. The DNA G+C content was 37.6 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). Flexirubin-type pigments were found to be present. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso, C17:0 iso 3OH, C17:1 isoω9c and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). The DNA-DNA hybridization results and results of the genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-7T represented a novel species within the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium chungangensis is proposed. The type strain is MAH-7T (= KACC 19293T = CGMCC 1.16232T). The NCBI GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MAH-7T is KY964274.

Caenispirillum humi sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the soil of Korean pine garden.

A novel bacterial strain MAH-8T was isolated from a soil sample of a Korean pine garden and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-staining negative, pinkish yellow colored, motile and vibrio-shaped. The strain was aerobic and catalase, oxidase positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 °C and 7.0, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-8T belongs to the genus Caenispirillum and is most closely related to Caenispirillum bisanense KCTC 12839T (98.14%), Caenispirillum deserti KCTC 42064T (96.35%), and Caenispirillum salinarum JCM 17360T (95.76%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-8T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor was below 45.0%. The DNA G + C content was 70.5 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Flexirubin-type pigments were present and the major cellular fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c, C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c and C16:0. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-8T represented a novel species within the genus Caenispirillum, for which the name Caenispirillum humi, is proposed. The type strain is MAH-8T (= KACC 19294T = CGMCC 1.16224T). The NCBI GenBank Accession Number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MAH-8T is KY964275.