RESUMO
Carcinoma of the vagina is a rare disease, and it is even more rare when it appears in a neovagina, having its incidence and optimum treatment constantly discussed. The aim of this article was to review the cases described in the currently available literature and describe the second documented case of carcinoma in a neovagina created with peritoneal flaps, and also list the possible pathways and risk factors for its development. The case we present is a 49-year-old female who after undergoing a laparoscopic colpectomy of the upper two-thirds of the vagina, with an immediate reconstruction with peritoneal flaps by laparoscopy, at a 4 months follow up presented a focal microinvasive squamous carcinoma in the vault of the neovagina. After reviewing the literature, we conclude that excisional treatment is the preferable option to avoid the progression to an invasive carcinoma. However, this case demonstrates the importance of the necessity to do regular cito-vulvovaginoscopic examinations after the complete surgical treatment because of the chance of persistent or recurrent lesions on the transplanted tissue.