Serum Level of Inhibin B and Kisspeptin, as well as Their Correlation with Biochemical Factors in Obese Adult Patients.

Obesity is one of the most important global health problems causing serious health risks and early death in human. It is also associated with disturbance of homeostasis of hormones and immunological biochemical factors inside the human body. This study aimed to evaluate the serum level of inhibin B and kisspeptin among Iraqi obese adult people and other biochemical parameters correlated with obesity. Inhibin B and levels of kisspeptin were evaluated in the samples of serum from 40 Iraqi obese adult patients and 30 healthy non-obese individuals. A significant decrease (P<0.0001) was observed in the kisspeptin level in both males and females, compared to the control group. Moreover, inhibin B decreased significantly in obese females only (P<0.001), while there was no differences between males and the control group in this regard. Finally, body mass index, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and leptin showed negative correlation with kisspeptin (0.01, 0.5, and 0.01), respectively. However, a positive association was observed with the level of Ca in the serum. On the other hand, inhibin B confirmed a positive correlation with SGPT. The present study revealed a significant increase in inhibin B and kisspeptin, with SGPT and Ca in the serum of obese patients, which could lead to complications and health problems among these patients.

Development of a core outcome set for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma trials: identification of core domains and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The lack of uniformity in the outcomes reported in clinical studies of the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) complicates efforts to compare treatment effectiveness across trials. OBJECTIVES: To develop a core outcome set (COS), a minimum set of agreed-upon outcomes to be measured in all clinical trials of a given disease or outcome, for the treatment of cSCC. METHODS: One hundred and nine outcomes were identified via a systematic literature review and interviews with 28 stakeholders. After consolidation of this long list, 55 candidate outcomes were rated by 19 physician and 10 patient stakeholders, in two rounds of Delphi exercises. Outcomes scored 'critically important' (score of 7, 8 or 9) by ≥ 70% of patients and ≥ 70% of physicians were provisionally included. At the consensus meeting, after discussion and voting of 44 international experts and patients, the provisional list was reduced to a final core set, for which consensus was achieved among all meeting participants. RESULTS: A core set of seven outcomes was finalized at the consensus meeting: (i) serious or persistent adverse events, (ii) patient-reported quality of life, (iii) complete response, (iv) partial response, (v) recurrence-free survival, (vi) progression-free survival and (vii) disease-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase the comparability of results across trials and to reduce selective reporting bias, cSCC researchers should consider reporting these core outcomes. Further work needs to be performed to identify the measures that should be reported for each of these outcomes.

Assessment of vaccination with gamma radiationattenuated infective Toxocara canis eggs on murine toxocariasis.

Toxocara canis is a major parasite that infects many animals with high risk of human infections. This study aims at assessing the immunization with gamma radiationattenuated infective stage on rats challenged with non-irradiated dose. Level of vaccine protection was evaluated in liver and lung regarding parasitological, histopathological, biochemical and molecular parameters. Fifty rats were enrolled in three groups: group A (10 rats) as normal control; group B (20 rats) subdivided into subgroup B1 (infected control) and subgroup B2 infected then challenged after 14 days with the same dose of infection (challenged infected control); and group C (20 rats) subdivided into subgroup C1 vaccinated with a dose of 800 gray (Gy) gamma-radiated infective eggs (vaccine control) and subgroup C2 vaccinated then challenged on 14th day with same number of infective eggs (vaccinated-challenged). Tissues were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) for histopathological studies. Biochemical studies through detection of nitric oxide (NO) and Caspase-3 were conducted. Extent of DNA damage by Comet assay was assessed. Vaccinated-challenged subgroup revealed a marked reduction in larvae in tissues with mild associated histological changes. In addition there was accompanied reduction of NO, Casepase-3 level and DNA damage compared to the control infected group. It could be concluded that vaccination of rats with a dose of 800Gy gamma radiation-attenuated infective stage improves immune response to challenge infection and drastically reduces the morbidity currently seen.

Effect of dietary polyphenol-rich grape seed on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and ileal microflora in broiler chicks.

In this study, we examined the effect of dietary supplementation with grape seed (GS) on the performance, carcass traits, plasma biochemistry, antioxidant status and ileal microflora in broilers. Experiment diets included a control diet (without additive) and three levels of GS powder (10, 20 and 40 g/kg of diet). Each diet was fed to a total of 300 one-day-old Cobb-500 chicks for 42 days. The addition of 20 g/kg of GS to the basal diet increased final body weight and body weight gain, improved the feed conversion ratio and did not affect feed intake. Dietary 20 g GS significantly increased (p < .05) the percentage of carcass yield %, dressing % and gizzard. However, the addition of 40 g/kg of GS significantly reduced the percentage of abdominal fat in the birds. Diets supplemented with GS showed the lowest content of ether extract compared with the control group (p < .05). The physical characteristics of meat and the chemical composition of DM, CP and ash were not significantly influenced by treatments. In the GS groups, plasma protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations showed no significant change compared with the control group. Broilers fed a diet supplemented with GS had lower levels of plasma glucose, total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol compared with the control birds (p < .05). The addition of 40 g of GS significantly (p < .05) enhanced the activity of reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and GST, and correlated with significantly decreased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels compared with the control group. The value of ileal pH was not significantly affected by the GS levels. Broilers fed diets supplemented with GS had lower ileal Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli populations but higher Lactobacillus spp. populations (p < .05). No adverse effects on birds' health were detected due to the use of GS. Thus, GS could be recommended as an herbal supplement in the diet of broiler chickens to improve performance, reduce blood lipids, enhance antioxidant capacity and decrease detrimental bacteria in the ileum.

Effect of purine nucleosides on growth performance, gut morphology, digestive enzymes, serum profile and immune response in broiler chickens.

1. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of purine nucleosides on performance, gut morphology, intestinal enzymes and immunity functions in broiler chickens from 0 to 21 d of age. 2. A total of 360 1-d-old male chickens (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 6 replications. Experimental diets consisted of a control without any additives and diets containing 0.1% pure adenosine, 0.1% pure guanosine and 0.1% equal aliquots of pure adenosine and guanosine. Two birds per cage (12 birds per treatment) were killed on d 11 and 21 in order to obtain serum samples for lipid profile, jejunal samples for morphology and mucosal immunity, digestive enzymes for epithelial maturation, and bursa and spleen samples for relative weight of immune organs to live body weight. 3. Birds receiving adenosine in their diets showed a significant increase in body weight and average daily gain and a significantly lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control birds. Villus height and width in jejunal samples also increased significantly in birds supplemented with adenosine. Although maltase was not affected by the experimental diets, adenosine increased alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase. Adenosine and its combination with guanosine boosted mucosal immunity as a result of increased IgA production. While there was no significant difference among treatments regarding the relative weight of the spleen, adenosine increased the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius. Present results also showed that adding guanosine to broiler diets had no significant effects on growth, gut morphology, enzymes activity and immunological indices. 4. In conclusion, the improvement in growth performance, gut morphology and immunity in birds receiving adenosine demonstrated that pure adenosine could be a beneficial feed additive for the poultry industry, while guanosine showed no significant improvement.

Carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) improve growth performance, antioxidant status and caecal characteristics in growing rabbits.

The objective of this study was to evaluate carob pods and their effect on growth performance, antioxidant activities, carcass and caecal characteristics and equilibrium modification of the caecal microbiota population of growing NZW rabbits. Eighty weaned rabbits (initial body weight: 625.00 ± 26.46 g) were randomly allocated into four dietary groups of 20 rabbits each until 90 days of age. Dietary groups were as follows: C (basal diet with no supplementation), CP1 (basal diet + 2.5% carob pods), CP2 (basal diet + 5% carob pods) and CP3 (basal diet + 10% carob pods). Rabbits given the CP2 diet had significantly higher daily and final body weights compared with the other experimental groups. The increase in inclusion rate of carob pods significantly decreased feed intake, whereas carob pods at 5% in the CP2 group recorded the best value of feed conversion ratio. Rabbits in the CP3 group showed the worst slaughter weight and carcass dressing percentage weight. No significant effect was found on meat protein and ash contents. Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rabbits treated with carob pods compared with the control. Because of high content of the antioxidant compounds in CP2 and CP3 groups, the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase increased, whereas the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance decreased significantly. Rabbits given the CP2 diet had a significantly higher volatile fatty acid concentration and a lower pH in content of the caecum compared to the other groups. The data of microbial analysis for C group showed a significant increase in Escherichia coli and Clostridium counts. Lactobacillus and Bacillus counts increased significantly more in the CP2 and CP3 groups than in the other groups. In conclusion, 5% of carob pods in the diet stimulated the performance of growing rabbits, and thus, it has potential as an unconventional feed resource for rabbits without any adverse effects.

Effect of in ovo injection of threonine on immunoglobulin A gene expression in the intestine of Japanese quail at hatch.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of threonine (THR) on immunoglobulin A (IgA) gene expression of Japanese quail on hatch day. A total of 540 Japanese quail eggs were assigned into nine groups of 60 each and were set in a single-stage incubator. Treatments were as follows: non-injected (control), two diluent levels (0.05 or 0.1 ml saline), two sites of injection (in or under the air sac) and with or without nutrients (0.5 mg/ml THR). Eggs were injected on d 11 of incubation. On hatch day, after euthanizing hatched quail chicks, the intestine was removed and the jejunum was separated. The relative mRNA expression of jejunal IgA increased (p < 0.05) by the injection of 0.05 ml THR under the air sac when compared to the control group or other treatments of injection. Compared to the control group, no differences were imputable to treatments of 0.1-ml injections on IgA gene expression. Differences with other injected groups were not significant. It was concluded that injection of 0.05 ml saline containing 0.5 mg THR/ml under the air sac can improve jejunal IgA mRNA expression in newly hatched Japanese quail chicks.

Purification, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residue.

In this study, we isolated polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residue (FVRP) using microwave-assisted extraction and then purified the polysaccharides by column chromatography to yield FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3. The structural characteristics of FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were investigated, and their antioxidant activities against ABTS(+), DPPH and hydroxyl radicals were also analyzed in vitro. FVRP-1 was found to be neutral and rich in galactose. However, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were acidic polysaccharides and were rich in glucose. The average molecular weight of FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were 29,930, 62,290, and 36,310Da, respectively. The glycosyl residue of FVRP-1 was an α-type glycosidic linkage, whereas FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were ß-type glycosidic linkages. We found FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 had strong potential antioxidant activities in the order of FVRP-1

Identification and antioxidant properties of polyphenols in lotus seed epicarp at different ripening stages.

In this study, polyphenols from lotus seed epicarp (PLSE) at three different ripening stages were purified by column chromatography and identified by RP-HPLC and HPLC-ESI-MS(2). The antioxidant activities of PLSE were also investigated. We found that the contents of PLSE at the green ripening stage, half ripening stage and full ripening stage are 13.08%, 10.95% and 6.73% respectively. The levels of catechin, epicatechin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin in PLSE at the three different ripening stages were different. Moreover, the amounts of catechin and epicatechin decreased, while the contents of hyperoside and isoquercitrin increased as the seed ripened. We found that PLSE at three different ripening stages had good scavenging abilities on DPPH and ABTS(+) radicals. However, the scavenging ability decreased with maturation. Our results may be valuable with regard to the utilization of lotus seed epicarp as a functional food material.

Photon irradiation response of photonic crystal fibres and flat fibres at radiation therapy doses.

Radiation effects of photon irradiation in pure Photonic Crystal Fibres (PCF) and Flat fibres (FF) are still much less investigated in thermoluminescense dosimetry (TLD). We have reported the TL response of PCF and FF subjected to 6 MV photon irradiation. The proposed dosimeter shows good linearity at doses ranging from 1 to 4 Gy. The small size of these detectors points to its use as a dosimeter at megavoltage energies, where better tissue-equivalence and the Bragg-Gray cavity theory prevails.

Effect of simvastatin and naringenin coadministration on rat liver DNA fragmentation and cytochrome P450 activity: an in vivo and in vitro study.

This study was designed to assess the effect of naringenin (NRG) on simvastatin (SV)-induced hepatic damage in rat and to investigate the effects of these drugs on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and 3A1/2 isoforms in order to evaluate the possibility of their coadministration. Hepatic damage in rat was induced by SV (20 and 40 mg/kg/day, po for 30 days). The protective effect of NRG (50 mg/kg/day, po) was identified by estimating liver functions and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathion s-transferase, and catalase as well as protein profile. DNA fragmentation and histopathological study were carried out to confirm the hepatic damage. An in vitro study was conducted to further evaluate the effect of SV and/or NRG administration on the activities of two microsomal CYP isoenzymes including CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2. SV exerted an oxidative stress which may contribute to the hepatotoxicity. Administration of NRG in combination with SV significantly improved the liver functions, state of oxidative stress, protein profile, DNA fragmentation, and the histopathological changes. SV and/or NRG have a potential to inhibit CYP3A1/2 and CYP2E1. This study concluded that concurrent administration of NRG with SV provided a protection of liver tissue against the SV-induced hepatic damage. The inhibition of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 by the SV and NRG should be taken into account in order to adjust doses to avoid interaction between SV and NRG and adverse effects of SV.

Effects of preservation methods on amino acids and 5'-nucleotides of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms.

In this study, the proximate composition, free amino acids content and 5'-nucleotides in frozen, canned and salted Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) were investigated. We found that the three kinds of A. bisporus products were good sources of protein, with amount varying in the ranges of 16.54-24.35g/100g (dry weight). Freezing, canning and salting process, followed by 6months of storage led to a significant reduction in free amino acids, especially tyrosine, alanine, glutamine and cysteine. There were medium levels of MSG-like amino acids in frozen A. bisporus and canned A. bisporus, and low levels of MSG-like amino acids in salted A. bisporus. The mount of flavor 5'-nucleotides in frozen A. bisporus was higher than that of canned and salted A. bisporus. The present study thus suggests that freezing is beneficial for the preservation of A. bisporus.

Purification and characterisation of two enzymes related to endogenous formaldehyde in Lentinula edodes.

In this study, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and l-cysteine sulphoxide lyase (C-S lyase) were purified from the fruiting body of Lentinula edodes in three steps and then characterised. We found that GGT together with C-S lyase caused the generation of endogenous formaldehyde in L. edodes. GGT was composed of a large subunit of 41 kDa and a small subunit of 25 kDa, and C-S lyase was composed of two identical subunits of 46 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE. GGT was stable at pH 8.0-10.0 with an optimum pH of 8.8, and was stable at 20-50°C with an optimum activity at 37°C. C-S lyase was stable at pH 8.0-9.0 with an optimum pH of 8.5, and was stable at 20-60°C with an optimum activity at 40°C. The present work supports the study of the mechanism of endogenous formaldehyde in L. edodes.

Anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments using Gracillis tendon in chronic ankle instability; a new technique.

BACKGROUND: Many surgical technique have been described to assess the outcome of anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments using Gracillis tendon. This technique aims to restore the stability of the ankle by reconstruction of the talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) using the Gracillis tendon. METHODS: From January 2004 to February 2008; inclusive, 16 patients; 11 male and 5 female, underwent an anatomic reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligament for chronic ankle instability. Their ages ranged from 18 to 29 giving a mean age of 25 years. Patients were then subjected to radiologic and clinical assessments for a period of at least 33.5 months. For pain scoring the Americans Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores were used; whilst subjective symptom was evaluated using the Olerud and Molander ankle scoring system. RESULTS: All patients returned for the final evaluation and subjective excellent or good results were recorded on self-assessment, pain scores, AOFAS and Karissons scores. Additionally Olerud and Molander ankle scoring was also done. During the final follow-up, the mean post-operative AOFAS score was 96 (range 80-100), the Visual analog score was 6 (range 0-4), Karissons score was 94.7 (range 80-100) and last but not least Olerud and Molander score was 87.5 (range 70-100). It was noted that the ankle range of motion was not affected by lateral ankle reconstruction. The talar tilt was reduced from a mean of 12-4° (p<0.0001) and the anterior drawer was reduced from a mean of 11-4mm (p<0.001) by the ankle ligament reconstruction. CONCLUSION: Anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of chronic ankle instability using Gracillis tendon graft resulted in successful results, excellent ankle stability, significant reduction in pain and negligible loss of ankle and hind foot motion.

miR-145-dependent targeting of junctional adhesion molecule A and modulation of fascin expression are associated with reduced breast cancer cell motility and invasiveness.

Micro RNAs are small non-coding RNAs, which regulate fundamental cellular and developmental processes at the transcriptional and translational level. In breast cancer, miR-145 expression is downregulated compared with healthy control tissue. As several predicted targets of miR-145 potentially regulate cell motility, we aimed at investigating a potential role for miR-145 in breast cancer cell motility and invasiveness. Assisted by Affymetrix array technology, we demonstrate that overexpression of miR-145 in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, MDA-MB-468 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells and in Ishikawa endometrial carcinoma cells leads to a downregulation of the cell-cell adhesion protein JAM-A and of the actin bundling protein fascin. Moreover, podocalyxin and Serpin E1 mRNA levels were downregulated, and gamma-actin, transgelin and MYL9 were upregulated upon miR-145 overexpression. These miR-145-dependent expression changes drastically decreased cancer cell motility, as revealed by time-lapse video microscopy, scratch wound closure assays and matrigel invasion assays. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton and a change in cell morphology by miR-145 overexpression, resulting in a more cortical actin distribution, and reduced actin stress fiber and filopodia formation. Nuclear rotation was observed in 10% of the pre-miR-145 transfected MDA-MB-231 cells, accompanied by a reduction of perinuclear actin. Luciferase activation assays confirmed direct miR-145-dependent regulation of the 3'UTR of JAM-A, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of JAM-A expression resulted in decreased motility and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Our data identify JAM-A and fascin as novel targets of miR-145, firmly establishing a role for miR-145 in modulating breast cancer cell motility. Our data provide a rationale for future miR-145-targeted approaches of antimetastatic cancer therapy.

Ganglion cyst of the posterior cruciate ligament.

A ganglion is a fluid cyst with a myxoid matrix that arises close to the tendons and joints. Its occurrence inside a joint is rare. Among the various pathological conditions producing impairment of the knee function, ganglia of the cruciate ligaments are quite rare. It may be painful or asymptomatic. Some patients may have a trauma history. Ganglia may mimic intra-articular lesions like tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or meniscus. Ganglia, though commonly arise from the ACL, can also arise from other structures such as the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) or meniscus. Ganglia are typically treated by arthroscopic excision and debridement. We report a case of ganglion of the PCL in a 28-year-old man; the lesion was incidentally discovered during ACL reconstruction with double bundle (Rigid fix technique). The patient underwent arthroscopic excision of the ganglion. At the end of 1-year follow-up the patient was pain free; a full range of motion of his right knee was restored, and he returned to his preinjury sport activity.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstring double bundle graft compared with single bundle procedures.

A total of 218 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency were randomly assigned to one of four groups. In group A an anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed; group B were treated by a single bundle using an Endobutton for femoral fixation; in group C by a single bundle using RigidFix cross pins for femoral fixation; and in group D by a single bundle using a bioabsorbable TransFix II screw for femoral fixation. For tibial fixation a bioabsorbable Intrafix interference screw was used for all the groups and the graft was fashioned from the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons in all patients. In all, 18 patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 200 were subjected to a clinical evaluation, with assessment of the anterior drawer, Lachman's and the pivot-shift tests, and KT-1000 arthrometer measurement. They also completed the International Knee Documentation Committee, Lysholm knee and Tegner activity scores. At a mean of 29 months (25 to 38) follow-up there were no significant differences concerning time between injury and range of movement and Lysholm knee scores among the four groups. However, the double bundle method showed significantly better results for the pivot-shift test (p = 0.002). The KT 1000 measurements showed a mean difference between the reconstructed knee and the patients' normal knee of 1.4 mm in the double bundle group and 2.4 mm in the single bundle group; which was statistically significant. The Lachman and anterior drawer tests also showed superior results for the double bundle method. The International Knee Documentation Committee scale showed no significant difference among the groups (p < 0.001). On clinical evaluation the double bundle group showed less laxity than the single bundle groups. However, regardless of the technique, all knees were improved by anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared with their pre-operative status.

Milk fatty acid composition of grazing dairy cows when supplemented with linseed oil.

The effects of varying amounts of linseed oil (LSO) in grazing dairy cows' diet on milk conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) were investigated in this study. Twelve Holstein cows in midlactation (150 +/- 19 DIM) were placed on alfalfa-based pasture and assigned to 4 treatments using a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3-wk periods. Treatments were: 1) control grain supplement; 2) control grain supplement containing 170 g of LSO (LSO1); 3) control grain supplement containing 340 g of LSO (LSO2); and 4) control grain supplement containing 510 g of LSO (LSO3). Grain supplements were offered at 7 kg/d. Additional 100 g/d of algae, divided evenly between the 2 feeding times, were added to every treatment diet. Milk samples were collected during the last 3 d of each period and analyzed for chemical and fatty acid composition. Treatments had no effect on milk production (18.9, 18.5, 19.6, and 19.1 kg/d for treatments 1 to 4, respectively). Linseed oil supplementation caused a quadratic increase in milk fat (3.23, 3.44, 3.35, and 3.27% for treatments 1 to 4, respectively) and protein (3.03, 3.19, 3.12, and 3.08%) contents. Concentrations (g/100 g of fatty acids) of milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA (1.12, 1.18, 1.39, and 1.65 for treatments 1 to 4, respectively) and VA (3.39, 3.62, 4.25, and 4.89) linearly increased with LSO supplementations. Results from this trial suggest that the increase in milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA was proportional to the amounts of LSO fed. In conclusion, adding LSO to grazing dairy cow diets can improve the nutritional value of milk without compromising milk composition or cow performance.