RESUMO
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a highly morbid disease with many patients considered poor surgical candidates. The lack of treatment options for CLI has driven interest in developing molecular therapies within recent years. Through these translational medicine studies in CLI, much has been learned about the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we present an overview of the macrovascular and microvascular changes that lead to the development of CLI, including impairment of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis. We summarize the randomized clinical controlled trials that have used molecular therapies in CLI, and discuss the novel imaging modalities being developed to assess the efficacy of these therapies.
Assuntos
Indutores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Terapia Genética/métodos , Isquemia/terapia , Doença Arterial Periférica/terapia , Indutores da Angiogênese/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/efeitos adversos , Estado Terminal , Terapia Genética/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Isquemia/diagnóstico , Isquemia/fisiopatologia , Microcirculação/efeitos dos fármacos , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico , Doença Arterial Periférica/genética , Doença Arterial Periférica/fisiopatologia , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To identify predisposing factors that can result in the onset of takotsubo syndrome, we performed an international, collaborative systematic review focusing on clinical characteristics and comorbidities of patients with takotsubo syndrome. METHODS: We searched and reviewed cited references up to August 2013 to identify relevant studies. Corresponding authors of selected studies were contacted and asked to provide additional quantitative details. Data from each study were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. The cumulative prevalence of presenting features and comorbidities was assessed. Nineteen studies whose authors sent the requested information were included in the systematic review, with a total of 1109 patients (951 women; mean age, 59-76 years). Evaluation of risk factors showed that obesity was present in 17% of patients (range, 2%-48%), hypertension in 54% (range, 27%-83%), dyslipidemia in 32% (range, 7%-59%), diabetes in 17% (range, 4%-34%), and smoking in 22% (range, 6%-49%). Emotional stressors preceded takotsubo syndrome in 39% of patients and physical stressors in 35%. The most common comorbidities were psychological disorders (24%; range, 0-49%), pulmonary diseases (15%; range, 0-22%), and malignancies (10%; range, 4%-29%). Other common associated disorders were neurologic diseases (7%; range, 0-22%), chronic kidney disease (7%; range, 2%-27%), and thyroid diseases (6%; range, 0-37%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with takotsubo syndrome have a relevant prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and associated comorbidities. Such of associations needs to be evaluated in further studies.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo/complicações , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Saúde Global , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Estresse Fisiológico , Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Acute coronary syndrome due to left main coronary artery (LMCA) thrombosis is a catastrophic event associated with poor prognosis and high in-hospital mortality. Early recognition and emergent revascularization is vital for survival. Unfortunately, the electrocardiographic manifestations of LMCA thrombosis are nonspecific. This report describes the electrocardiogram (ECG) findings in a patient with LMCA thrombosis. A new right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern, especially when associated with ST elevation in aVR and V1, should raise suspicion of this diagnosis.
Assuntos
Trombose Coronária/diagnóstico , Eletrocardiografia , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/etiologia , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/terapia , Ponte de Artéria Coronária , Trombose Coronária/complicações , Trombose Coronária/terapia , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/etiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Hipotireoidismo , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/fisiopatologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Clopidogrel , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/tratamento farmacológico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/patologia , Eptifibatida , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Cervicalgia , Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Ticlopidina/análogos & derivados , Ticlopidina/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipotensão/fisiopatologia , Feocromocitoma/fisiopatologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Antitireóideos/uso terapêutico , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Hidratação , Doença de Graves/complicações , Doença de Graves/diagnóstico , Doença de Graves/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipertensão/urina , Hipotensão/urina , Metimazol/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feocromocitoma/tratamento farmacológico , Feocromocitoma/etiologia , Feocromocitoma/urina , Fatores de Tempo , alfa-Metiltirosina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Yeast PCNA is a homo-trimeric, ring-shaped DNA polymerase accessory protein that can encircle duplex DNA. The integrity of this multimeric sliding DNA clamp is maintained through the protein-protein interactions at the interfaces of adjacent subunits. To investigate the importance of trimer stability for PCNA function, we introduced single amino acid substitutions at residues (A112T, S135F) that map to opposite ends of the monomeric protein. Recombinant wild-type and mutant PCNAs were purified from E. coli, and they were tested for their properties in vitro. Unlike the stable wild-type PCNA trimers, the mutant PCNA proteins behaved as monomers when diluted to low nanomolar concentrations. In contrast to what has been reported for a monomeric form of the beta clamp in E. coli, the monomeric PCNAs were compromised in their ability to interact with their associated clamp loader, replication factor C (RFC). Similarly, monomeric PCNAs were not effective in stimulating the ATPase activity of RFC. The mutant PCNAs were able to form mixed trimers with wild-type subunits, although these mixed trimers were unstable when loaded onto DNA. They were able to function as weak DNA polymerase delta processivity factors in vitro, and when the monomeric PCNA-41 (A112T, S135F double mutant) allele was introduced as the sole source of PCNA in vivo, the cells were viable and healthy. These pol30-41 mutants were, however, sensitive to UV irradiation and to the DNA damaging agent methylmethane sulfonate, implying that DNA repair pathways have a distinct requirement for stable DNA clamps.