A cell-based assay using HepaRG cells for predicting drug-induced phospholipidosis.

The utility of HepaRG cells as an in vitro cell-based assay system for predicting drug-induced phospholipidosis (PLD) was investigated. In experiment 1, 10 PLD-positive compounds and 11 PLD-negative compounds were selected. HepaRG cells were treated with each compound for 48 hr. In experiment 2, loratadine and desloratadine, a major metabolite of loratadine, were used to assess metabolic activation for PLD. HepaRG cells were treated with loratadine and desloratadine in the presence or absence of 500 µM 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a broad CYP inhibitor, for 48 hr. After treatment with compounds in experiments 1 and 2, the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) was measured using LYSO-ID Red dye to assess the PLD induction. In experiment 1, our cell-based assay system using HepaRG cells exhibited 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for predicting drug-induced PLD. In experiment 2, loratadine increased the RFI in the PLD assay. However, the increase in the RFI was not observed in co-treatment with loratadine and ABT. In addition, desloratadine increased the RFI in the presence and absence of ABT. These results suggested that metabolic activation of loratadine may contribute to PLD in HepaRG cells. We newly demonstrated that HepaRG cells have a high ability for predicting drug-induced PLD. In addition, we newly showed that HepaRG cells may predict drug-induced PLD mediated by metabolic activation of loratadine. Thus, a cell-based assay system using HepaRG cells is a useful model for predicting drug-induced PLD.

Influence of loxP insertion upstream of the cis-acting packaging domain on adenovirus packaging efficiency.

First-generation AdV enables efficient gene transduction, although its immunogenicity is an important problem in vivo. Helper-dependent AdV (HD-AdV) is one possible solution to this problem. The construction of HD-AdV requires a helper virus, in which the viral packaging domain is flanked by two inserted loxP to hamper its packaging in Cre-expressing 293 cells. Here, we constructed 19L viruses containing loxP at 191 nt from the left end of the genome upstream of the packaging domain, 15L viruses bearing loxP at 143 nt, and a control ΔL virus lacking loxP at these positions. The 19L position is used worldwide, and the 15L position has been reported to result in a lower titer than that of 19L. When the titers were compared for six pairs of 19L and 15L AdV, the 19L AdV produced titers similar to, or sometimes lower than, the 15L and ΔL AdV, unlike the results of previous reports. We next chose one pair of 15L and 19L AdV that produced titers similar to that of ΔL and a competitor AdV lacking loxP for use in a competition assay. When a small amount of the competitor AdV was co-infected, both the 15L and the 19L AdV, but not ΔL, gradually became minority components during subsequent viral passages. Therefore, the loxP insertions at 143 nt and 191 nt decreased the viral packaging efficiency.

Effect of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotriene and thromboxane A2 receptors, on a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice.

Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs) and thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) are important mediators in inflammatory lung diseases such as bronchial asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We examined the effects of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist of the cysLTs and TXA(2) receptors, on bleomycin-induced IPF in mice. Mice were intravenously injected bleomycin on day 0, and 0.5% of KP-496 was inhaled twice a day (30 min/time) for the entire experimental period. The effects of KP-496 were evaluated by the number of infiltrated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), hydroxyl-L-proline content in the lung, and histopathology. Analyses of BALF on days 7 and 21 revealed that inhaled KP-496 significantly decreased total cell numbers, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils on both days. KP-496 significantly decreased hydroxyl-L-proline content in the lung on day 21. Histopathological analyses of lungs on day 21 demonstrated that KP-496 significantly suppressed inflammatory and fibrotic changes. Our results suggested that the suppression of cysLTs and TXA(2) pathways by KP-496 could control airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, and that KP-496 could be a new therapeutic agent for lung diseases with inflammation and fibrogenesis such as IPF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The effects of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor and thromboxane A(2) receptor, on allergic asthmatic responses in guinea pigs.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and thromboxane A(2) receptor, on the allergic asthmatic responses in guinea pigs. METHODS: Actively sensitized animals were repeatedly exposed to antigen, and KP-496 (0.01 and 0.1%) was inhaled for 5 min before every antigen exposure. After evaluating the effects of KP-496 on asthmatic responses, such as immediate and late asthmatic response (IAR and LAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), histopathological analyses of the lungs of asthmatic animals were made. RESULTS: KP-496 significantly inhibited both antigen-induced LAR and AHR to acetylcholine, and slightly inhibited antigen-induced IAR. Furthermore, histopathological analyses of the lungs of the asthmatic animals demonstrated the following: (1) KP-496 suppressed infiltration of eosinophils around airway smooth muscle, (2) KP-496 suppressed airway epithelial hypertrophy, and (3) KP-496 suppressed increased mucus production in the airway. CONCLUSION: In addition to suppression of LAR and AHR, our findings demonstrated that KP-496 inhibits features of airway inflammation. Since these broad ameliorative effects of KP-496 on asthmatic pathology are thought to result from the inhibition of multiple chemical mediators, KP-496 will be a potent agent in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Effects of KP-496, a novel dual antagonist for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and thromboxane A2 receptor, on Sephadex-induced airway inflammation in rats.

Bronchial asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Eosinophils are involved in airway inflammation and play crucial roles in asthma. There is accumulating evidence to suggest contributions of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) and thromboxane (TX) A(2) to the recruitment of eosinophils into lung in asthmatics. KP-496 is a novel dual antagonist for CysLT receptor type 1 and TXA(2) receptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of KP-496 on Sephadex-induced airway inflammation. Sephadex suspension was intratracheally injected into rats. Amounts of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and eotaxin, and numbers of infiltrating cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured 24 and 48 h after Sephadex injection, respectively. KP-496 (30, 100 microg/head) was intratracheally administered to rats 1 h before and 7 h after Sephadex injection. KP-496 and prednisolone (10 mg/kg, per os) exhibited significant inhibitory effects on infiltration of total cells and eosinophils into lung. Production of RANTES was significantly inhibited by KP-496 and prednisolone. Production of eotaxin was significantly inhibited by prednisolone. KP-496 also inhibited the production of eotaxin, though this effect was not significant. These results demonstrate that KP-496 exhibited the anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting infiltration of inflammatory cells and productions of RANTES and eotaxin.

Production of viral vectors using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange.

DNA viruses are often used as vectors for foreign gene expression, but large DNA region from cloned or authentic viral genomes must usually be handled to generate viral vectors. Here, we present a unique system for generating adenoviral vectors by directly substituting a gene of interest in a small transfected plasmid with a replaced gene in a replicating viral genome in Cre-expressing 293 cells using the recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) reaction. In combination with a positive selection of the viral cis-acting packaging signal connected with the gene of interest, the purpose vector was enriched to 97.5 and 99.8% after three and four cycles of infection, respectively. Our results also showed that the mutant loxP V (previously called loxP 2272), a variant target of Cre used in the RMCE reaction, was useful as a non-compatible mutant to wild-type loxP. This method could be useful for generating not only a large number of adenovirus vectors simultaneously, but also other DNA virus vectors including helper-dependent adenovirus vector.