Comparison of efficacy and safety between carboplatin-etoposide and cisplatin-etoposide combination therapy in patients with advanced neuroendocrine carcinoma, retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is characterized by a poor prognosis and is generally treated with platinum and etoposide combination therapy as first-line chemotherapy. However, it remains uncertain whether carboplatin and etoposide combination therapy (CE) and cisplatin and etoposide combination therapy (PE) have comparable treatment efficacy. In this retrospective analysis, we compared the efficacy and safety of CE and PE in patients with NEC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the patient's clinical record from 2005 to 2022 at the Department of Medical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital. Patients who received either CE or PE were included in the study. Statistical analyses were performed using JMP Pro 16.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA). RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were enrolled, with 73 patients assigned to the CE group and 31 patients assigned to the PE group. Statistically, the response rate, progression-free survival (PFS) time and overall survival (OS) time were 42.6%, 5.1 months (95%CI: 3.5-6.3) and 13.6 months (95%CI: 8.9-17.4), respectively, in the CE groups and 44.4%, 5.6 months (95%CI: 3.1-7.0) and 12.5 months (95%CI: 11.2-14.6), respectively, in the PE groups. There was no significant difference in treatment efficacy between the CE and the PE groups. However, the number of patients with elevated creatinine (3.35 mg/dl and 3.88 mg/dl in two patients, respectively) was significantly higher in the PE group than in the CE group. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of CE and PE in patients with NEC is comparable. However, the incidence of renal dysfunction was found to be significantly higher in the PE group than in the CE group.

Distinct role of CD8 cells and CD4 cells in antitumor immunity triggered by cell apoptosis using a Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir system.

Immune cells can recognize tumor-associated antigens released from dead tumor cells, which elicit immune responses, potentially resulting in tumor regression. Tumor cell death induced by chemotherapy has also been reported to activate immunity. However, various studies have reported drug-induced immunosuppression or suppression of inflammation by apoptotic cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether apoptotic tumor cells trigger antitumor immunity independent of anticancer treatment. Local immune responses were evaluated after direct induction of tumor cell apoptosis using a Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-tk/GCV) system. The inflammatory response was significantly altered at the tumor site after apoptosis induction. The expression of cytokines and molecules that activate and suppress inflammation simultaneously increased. The HSV-tk/GCV-induced tumor cell apoptosis resulted in tumor growth suppression and promoted T lymphocyte infiltration into tumors. Therefore, the role of T cells after inducing tumor cell death was explored. CD8 T cell depletion abrogated the antitumor efficacy of apoptosis induction, indicating that tumor regression was mainly dependent on CD8 T cells. Furthermore, CD4 T cell depletion inhibited tumor growth, suggesting the potential role of CD4 T cells in suppressive tumor immunity. Tumor tissues were evaluated after tumor cell apoptosis and CD4 T cell depletion to elucidate this immunological mechanism. Foxp3 and CTLA4, regulatory T-cell markers, decreased. Furthermore, arginase 1, an immune-suppressive mediator induced by myeloid cells, was significantly downregulated. These findings indicate that tumors accelerate CD8 T cell-dependent antitumor immunity and CD4 T cell-mediated suppressive immunity. These findings could be a therapeutic target for immunotherapy in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy.

pH-triggered solubility and cytotoxicity changes of malachite green derivatives incorporated in liposomes for killing cancer cells.

Three different malachite green leuco derivatives (MG-Xs) are incorporated in liposomes. In all three cases, a substituent (X) is covalently linked to the central carbon atom, abbreviated as MG-OH, MG-OCH3, and MG-CN. The three MG-X compounds are solubilized separately in liposome membranes and become cationic (MG+) and water soluble under acidic conditions. MG+ is consequently released from the liposome to the aqueous exterior. Their release behavior corresponds to their ionization ability: MG-OH > MG-OCH3 > MG-CN. The cellular uptake of the liposomes, the cytotoxic effect, and the location of MG+ in cancer cells are investigated using murine cells derived from colon cancer (Colon 26 cells) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 cells). The toxic effect on cancer cells is correlated to the ionization ability of MG-Xs. The liposomes effectively deliver MG+via the endocytic pathway, resulting in the cytotoxicity of liposomes containing MG-OH which is higher than that of free MG-OH and MG+. The difference in the phospholipids constituting the liposome membranes barely had an effect on the ionization ratio and the cytotoxicity of MG-OH. Confocal fluorescence microscopic observations revealed that MG+ is ultimately transported into the nuclei after being released in acidic cellular compartments.

Kidney enlargement effect of angioplasty for nonatherosclerotic renovascular disease: reversibility of ischemic kidney.

Renal artery stenosis causes kidney ischemia, reducing the size of the affected kidney, which eventually results in atrophy. Although renal atrophy is considered irreversible, resolution of the ischemia occasionally restores kidney size when the cause is renal artery stenosis. Angioplasty is effective in patients with nonatherosclerotic renovascular diseases (non-ARVDs). Nevertheless, renal enlargement after angioplasty has not been fully examined. We conducted a retrospective study to examine this phenomenon in non-ARVD patients. Ten patients with a <100-mm pole-to-pole length of the poststenotic kidney were treated with angioplasty. Data were collected up to 12 months after angioplasty. The mean age was 28 years; the estimated glomerular filtration rate was 92 ± 7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SEM); blood pressure was 150/99 mmHg; 80% were women; and fibromuscular dysplasia was present in 90% of the patients. All patients had hypertension. The lengths of the poststenotic and contralateral kidney before angioplasty were 91 ± 1 and 111 ± 3 mm, respectively. After angioplasty, the length of the poststenotic kidney gradually increased during the 3 months after treatment (+5.4 mm) and that of the contralateral kidney decreased over the same time course (-3.7 mm). Enlargement was also found in the moderate atrophy subgroup (length < 92 mm), and it was greater in the <30 years old group. In a noteworthy case, renal size in the poststenotic kidney recovered from 87 to 102 mm after angioplasty. Our findings demonstrated that reduced renal size can be reversed after optimal angioplasty in non-ARVD patients, especially young patients, suggesting reversibility of the ischemic kidney.

Efficacy and safety of PERIOdontal treatment versus usual care for Nonalcoholic liver disease: protocol of the PERION multicenter, two-arm, open-label, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: We report the first protocol for a multicenter, randomized comparison study to compare the efficacies of periodontal scaling and root-planing treatment against that of tooth-brushing treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (PERION: PERIOdontal treatment for NAFLD). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced form of NAFLD, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Increased endotoxemia is associated with the progression of NAFLD. Periodontal bacteria possess endotoxins; Porphyromonas gingivalis is well-known as a major pathogenic bacterium in periodontitis, and serum antibody levels for P. gingivalis are high in patients with periodontitis. Several reports have indicated that P. gingivalis is related to NAFLD. This study aims to investigate the effect of periodontal treatment for liver damage, P. gingivalis infection, and endotoxemia on patients with NAFLD. METHODS: We will include adult patients (20-85 years old) with NAFLD, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥ 40 IU/L, and equivalent steatosis grade ≥ 1 (target sample size, n = 40 patients; planned number of patients with outcome data, n = 32). Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: a scaling and root-planing group or tooth-brushing as the usual group. The primary outcome will be the change in ALT levels from baseline to 12 weeks; the key secondary outcome will be the change in the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titer for P. gingivalis at 12 weeks. DISCUSSION: This study should determine whether periodontal treatment decreases liver damage, P. gingivalis infection, and endotoxemia in patients with NAFLD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry, ID: UMIN000022079.

The guanylate cyclase C agonist linaclotide ameliorates the gut-cardio-renal axis in an adenine-induced mouse model of chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorenal syndrome is a major cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the involvement of detrimental humoral mediators in the pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndrome is still controversial. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a hepatic metabolic product of trimethylamine generated from dietary phosphatidylcholine or carnitine derived by the gut microbiota, has been linked directly with progression of cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction. Thus, targeting TMAO may be a novel strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. METHODS: Linaclotide, a guanylate cyclase C agonist, was administered to adenine-induced renal failure (RF) mice and changes in renal function and levels of gut-derived uremic toxins, as well as the gut microbiota community, were analyzed using metabolomic and metagenomic methods to reveal its cardiorenal effect. RESULTS: Linaclotide decreased the plasma levels of TMAO at a clinically used low dose of 10 µg/kg in the adenine-induced RF mouse model. At a high concentration of 100 µg/kg, linaclotide clearly improved renal function and reduced the levels of various uremic toxins. A reduction in TMAO levels following linaclotide treatment was also observed in a choline-fed pro-atherosclerotic model. Linaclotide ameliorated renal inflammation and fibrosis and cardiac fibrosis, as well as decreased the expression of collagen I, transforming growth factor-ß, galectin-3 (Gal-3) and ST2 genes. Plasma levels of Gal-3 and ST2 were also reduced. Because exposure of cardiomyocytes to TMAO increased fibronectin expression, these data suggest that linaclotide reduced the levels of TMAO and various uremic toxins and may result in not only renal, but also cardiac, fibrosis. F4/80-positive macrophages were abundant in small intestinal crypts in RF mice, and this increased expression was decreased by linaclotide. Reduced colonic claudin-1 levels were also restored by linaclotide, suggesting that linaclotide ameliorated the 'leaky gut' in RF mice. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the microbial order Clostridiales could be responsible for the change in TMAO levels. CONCLUSION: Linaclotide reduced TMAO and uremic toxin levels and could be a powerful tool for the prevention and control of the cardiorenal syndrome by modification of the gut-cardio-renal axis.

Endosomal escape by photo-activated fusion of liposomes containing a malachite green derivative: a novel class of photoresponsive liposomes for drug delivery vehicles.

We conducted photo-activated delivery of drugs based on the fusion of liposomes with endocytic membranes, thus allowing the direct release of encapsulated drugs inside the cytoplasm. As described in our earlier works, liposomes can be photoresponsive and fusogenic following the incorporation of a malachite green derivative carrying a long alkyl chain (MGL) into the lipid membrane. We prepared MGL liposomes using 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine and encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX). Though the shape of MGL liposomes became elliptical after encapsulating DOX, UV irradiation did not enhance DOX leakage from MGL liposomes. We demonstrated the cellular uptake of MGL liposomes into murine cells derived from colon cancer (Colon 26 cells) using flow cytometry, and we found that the uptake was governed by a clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway. Confocal fluorescence microscopic observations of Colon 26 cells treated with MGL liposomes encapsulating DOX revealed that DOX was localized in endosomes under dark conditions, while DOX was observed in the cytosol and nucleus after UV irradiation. The viability of Colon 26 cells treated with MGL liposomes encapsulating DOX was reduced by UV irradiation, indicating photo-induced enhancement of anti-cancer efficacy.

Gut microbiome-derived phenyl sulfate contributes to albuminuria in diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease is a major cause of renal failure that urgently necessitates a breakthrough in disease management. Here we show using untargeted metabolomics that levels of phenyl sulfate, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, increase with the progression of diabetes in rats overexpressing human uremic toxin transporter SLCO4C1 in the kidney, and are decreased in rats with limited proteinuria. In experimental models of diabetes, phenyl sulfate administration induces albuminuria and podocyte damage. In a diabetic patient cohort, phenyl sulfate levels significantly correlate with basal and predicted 2-year progression of albuminuria in patients with microalbuminuria. Inhibition of tyrosine phenol-lyase, a bacterial enzyme responsible for the synthesis of phenol from dietary tyrosine before it is metabolized into phenyl sulfate in the liver, reduces albuminuria in diabetic mice. Together, our results suggest that phenyl sulfate contributes to albuminuria and could be used as a disease marker and future therapeutic target in diabetic kidney disease.

Characterization of the cryoablation-induced immune response in kidney cancer patients.

Cryoablation is one of treatment modalities for kidney cancer and is expected to induce strong local immune responses as well as systemic T-cell-mediated immune reactions that may lead to the regression of distant metastatic lesions. Thus, the characterization of T cell repertoire and immune environment in tumors before and after treatment should contribute to the better understanding of the cryoablation-induced anticancer immune responses. In this study, we collected tumor tissues from 22 kidney cancer patients, before cryoablation and at 3 mo after cryoablation. In addition, blood samples were collected from 14 patients at the same time points. We applied a next generation sequencing approach to characterize T cell receptor ß (TCRB) repertoires using RNAs isolated from tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TCRB repertoire analysis revealed the expansion of certain T cell clones in tumor tissues by cryoablation. We also found that proportions of abundant TCRB clonotypes (defined as clonotypes with ≥ 1% frequency among total TCRB reads) were significantly increased in the post-cryoablation tissue samples than those of pre-cryoablation tumor samples. Some of these TCRB clonotypes were found to be increased in peripheral blood. Expression analysis of immune-related genes in the tissues of pre- and post-cryoablation showed significantly elevated transcriptional levels of CD8+ , CD4+ , Granzyme A (GZMA), and CD11c along with a high CD8/FOXP3 ratio in the post-cryoablation tissue samples. Our findings revealed that cryoablation could induce strong immune reactions in tumors with oligoclonal expansion of antitumor T cells, which circulate systemically.

Early diagnosis of early-onset sarcoidosis: a case report with functional analysis and review of the literature.

This study examined the pathogenesis of early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS) in a patient with a rare NOD2 mutation and surveyed the literature to identify the hallmark features for early diagnosis. An infant girl suffering from prolonged fever and skin rash of multiple pinkish papules and subsequent erythema nodosum was referred to our institution. Skin biopsy and DNA sequencing were performed along with cytokine profiling of the patient's serum and stimulated mononuclear cells. NF-κB activation was analyzed using transfected cells. Multiple non-caseating granuloma inclusions were recognized in biopsy specimens obtained from the patient's rash. DNA sequencing revealed a very rare heterozygous Met513Thr (M513T) mutation in NOD2. Mononuclear cells produced a low amount of IL-1ß upon stimulation as compared with normal control cells. Mutated NOD2 transfection enhanced NF-κB activation. We suspected that the M513T mutation in NOD2 decreased IL-1ß production and enhanced NF-κB activation, which was likely responsible for the patient's granuloma involvement. A comprehensive review of the literature on 30 cases of sporadic type of EOS revealed that all patients had cutaneous manifestations, with all but one displaying granulation. A majority of EOS patients have R334W/Q. But about half of sporadic EOS had NOD2 mutations other than R334W/Q, as in the present case. Accordingly, skin rash with granuloma formation and specific NOD2 mutations may represent early diagnostic hallmarks of EOS in infants with persistent inflammation.

Nod2-Nodosome in a Cell-Free System: Implications in Pathogenesis and Drug Discovery for Blau Syndrome and Early-Onset Sarcoidosis.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (Nod) 2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, which recognizes muramyl dipeptide (N-Acetylmuramyl-L-Alanyl-D-Isoglutamine: MDP), a bacterial peptidoglycan component, and makes a NF-κB-activating complex called nodosome with adaptor protein RICK (RIP2/RIPK2). Nod2 mutants are associated with the autoinflammatory diseases, Blau syndrome (BS)/early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS). For drug discovery of BS/EOS, we tried to develop Nod2-nodosome in a cell-free system. FLAG-tagged RICK, biotinylated-Nod2, and BS/EOS-associated Nod2 mutants were synthesized, and proximity signals between FLAG-tagged and biotinylated proteins were detected by amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (ALPHA). Upon incubation with MDP, the ALPHA signal of interaction between Nod2-WT and RICK was increased in a dose-dependent manner. The ALPHA signal of interaction between RICK and the BS/EOS-associated Nod2 mutants was more significantly increased than Nod2-WT. Notably, the ALPHA signal between Nod2-WT and RICK was increased upon incubation with MDP, but not when incubated with the same concentrations, L-alanine, D-isoglutamic acid, or the MDP-D-isoform. Thus, we successfully developed Nod2-nodosome in a cell-free system reflecting its function in vivo, and it can be useful for screening Nod2-nodosome-targeted therapeutic molecules for BS/EOS and granulomatous inflammatory diseases.

Reconstituted AIM2 inflammasome in cell-free system.

Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is an intracellular pattern-recognition receptor, which is a member of the PYHIN protein family, consisting of a PYD domain and an IFN-inducible nuclear localization (HIN) domain. AIM2 is reported to oligomerize with adaptor protein ASC upon sensing bacterial and viral cytosolic DNA in order to form the AIM2 inflammasome, which activates caspase-1 leading to IL-1ß secretion. Dysregulation of AIM2 inflammasome is supposed to result in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Thus, the development of new targeted drugs against AIM2 inflammasome would be important for the treatment of these diseases. However, since AIM2 inflammasome is an intracellular receptor, enforced internalization of both ligands and candidate molecules is necessary for the screening of AIM2-inflammasome-targeted molecules. We developed a reconstituted AIM2 inflammasome in a cell-free system with amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (Alpha). Strong Alpha signal was detected upon incubation with poly-deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic acid, poly(dA:dT), whereas no Alpha signal was detected upon incubation with muramyl dipeptide, one of the NLR ligands of Nod2 ligand. The interaction between AIM2 and ASC was disrupted by an anti-human ASC monoclonal antibody, CRID3, a class of diarylsulfonylurea-containing compounds, and glycyrrhizin, a substance found in liquorice root. Thus, the reconstituted AIM2 inflammasome in a cell-free system is useful for screening AIM2-inflammasome-targeted therapeutic molecules.

Development of tumor-specific caffeine-potentiated chemotherapy using a novel drug delivery system with Span 80 nano-vesicles.

In recent years, chemotherapy with caffeine has manifested potently high efficacy against osteosarcoma, although adverse effects have been observed. Recently, we developed a novel drug delivery system (DDS) with nonionic vesicles prepared from Span 80 which have promising physicochemical properties as an attractive possible alternative to commonly used liposomes. Herein, we demonstrated that tumor-specific caffeine-potentiated chemotherapy for murine osteosarcoma administered by a novel DDS with Span 80 nano-vesicles showed significant antitumor effects as well as limited adverse effects. The osteosarcoma cell line, LM8, was transplanted into C3H/HeJ mice which then were administered therapeutic agents. Ifosfamide (IFO) was employed as well as caffeine as an enhancer. Span 80 vesicles containing IFO and/or caffeine were freshly prepared. On days 0, 2 and 4, different combinations of the agents were administered to mice: IFO alone (direct i.v.), IFO vesicles (IV), IV+caffeine, IV+caffeine vesicles (CV), PBS alone vesicles (PV), and PBS alone as negative control (PBS i.v.). Then, the mice were sacrificed on day 7. Antitumor effects of the reagents were also analyzed in vitro. Moreover, fertility examination was performed. In vitro, a combination of IV+CV showed significant induction of apoptosis in the early phase. Tumor volumes in the IV+CV group were significantly reduced compared with the other groups. Histological analyses showed that the IV and IV+CV groups had significantly lower viable tumor areas. The IFO direct i.v. group showed a certain grade of renal injury as well as marked suppression of spermatogenesis, while the IV or IV+CV group showed no marked changes. The fertility test revealed that the male mice with IV+CV administration had normal fertility, and no malformations were detected in their progeny. This DDS model is of potential importance for clinical application in the therapy of metastatic osteosarcoma.

Ezetimibe decreases SREBP-1c expression in liver and reverses hepatic insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Ezetimibe inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption, thereby reducing serum cholesterol. Recent studies suggest that ezetimibe affects liver steatosis and insulin resistance. We investigated the impact of ezetimibe on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in C57BL/6 mice. We analyzed 4 mouse groups fed the following diets: normal chow (4% fat) for 12 weeks, normal chow for 10 weeks followed by normal chow plus ezetimibe for 2 weeks, high-fat chow (32% fat) for 12 weeks, and high-fat chow for 10 weeks followed by high-fat chow plus ezetimibe for 2 weeks. In the normal chow + ezetimibe group, ezetimibe had no impact on body weight, fat mass, lipid metabolism, liver steatosis, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity. In the high-fat chow + ezetimibe group, ezetimibe had no impact on body weight or fat mass but significantly decreased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels; liver weight; hepatic triglyceride content; and hepatic cholesterol content and increased the hepatic total bile acid content. In association with increases in IRS-2 and Akt phosphorylation, ezetimibe ameliorated hepatic insulin resistance in the high-fat chow + ezetimibe group, but had no effect on insulin sensitivity in primary cultured hepatocytes. A DNA microarray and Taqman polymerase chain reaction revealed that ezetimibe up-regulated hepatic SREBP2 and SHP expression and down-regulated hepatic SREBP-1c expression. SHP silencing mainly in the liver worsened insulin resistance, and ezetimibe protected against insulin resistance induced by down-regulation of SHP. Ezetimibe down-regulated SREBP-1c in the liver and reversed hepatic insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is an independent clinical feature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and also of the severity of fibrosis in NASH.

BACKGROUND: The changes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) range over a wide spectrum, extending from steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH). However, it has remained difficult to differentiate between NASH and nonprogressive NAFLD by clinical examination. We investigated the interrelationships between serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the pathogenesis and progression of NASH. METHODS: Hs-CRP was measured in 100 patients with histologically verified NAFLD (29 with steatosis and 71 with NASH), and a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to measure the intrahepatic mRNA expressions of CRP and interleukin (IL)-6. RESULTS: The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that in comparison with cases of steatosis, hs-CRP was significantly elevated (P = 0.0048) in cases of NASH. Furthermore, among patients with NASH, hs-CRP was significantly elevated in those with advanced fibrosis compared with that in those with mild fibrosis (P = 0.0384), even after adjustment for age, sex, presence of diabetes, body mass index, visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The results of the RT-PCR analysis showed that intrahepatic mRNA expression of CRP, but not IL-6, was increased in patients with NASH compared with those with steatosis (P = 0.0228). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to demonstrate consistent and profound elevation of hs-CRP in cases of NASH compared with in cases of simple nonprogressive steatosis. Our results suggest that hs-CRP may be a clinical feature that not only distinguishes NASH from simple nonprogressive steatosis but also indicates the severity of hepatic fibrosis in cases of NASH.

Relationship between the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and parameters of adiposity and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations have been reported to be associated with body fat, especially visceral fat accumulation, but most studies up to now have been conducted on non-diabetic subjects. In this study, we investigated the association between the serum CRP concentrations and parameters of adiposity and insulin resistance in both Japanese type 2 diabetes patients and non-diabetic subjects. A total of 248 Japanese subjects (140 type 2 diabetes patients and 108 non-diabetic subjects) were enrolled for the study. The degree of insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-R) method. Fat accumulation was evaluated by measuring visceral and subcutaneous fat areas at the level of the umbilicus in abdominal CT scans. To assess hepatic fat content, the ratio of CT attenuation value of the liver to that of the spleen (L/S ratio) was calculated. Serum CRP was found to be significantly correlated with various indices of adiposity, including L/S ratio, visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and HOMA-R, in both the diabetic patients and the non-diabetic subjects. After adjustment for five variables (age, gender, serum CRP, HbA1c, and smoking), serum CRP was still significantly correlated with L/S ratio, VFA, SFA, and HOMA-R in the diabetic patients. We also found that changes in serum CRP concentrations were correlated with changes in the VFA and SFA at 1 year after the baseline in 24 diabetic patients. We conclude that serum CRP may be closely related to the degree of liver steatosis and visceral fat accumulation in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

A novel therapy for acute hepatitis utilizing dehydroepiandrosterone in the murine model of hepatitis.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), one of the major androgens secreted by the adrenal cortex, has been shown to have potential immunoreguratory properties. In this study, we examined the effect of DHEA in a mouse model of hepatitis. Mice were treated with DHEA and injected with concanavalin A (Con A) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN). Cytokine expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. Apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL method and by DNA fragmentation analysis. In the DHEA-treated mice, the serum levels of ALT and expression of inflammatory mediators were significantly decreased. The number of apoptotic cells was also much lower than that observed in control, untreated mouse liver tissue. There were fewer tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptotic cells in H4IIE hepatoma cells treated with DHEA than in non-treated cells. DHEA decreased the expression levels of mRNA transcripts encoding TNF-alpha and iNOS. These results suggest that DHEA can reduce T-cell-mediated injury in the liver as manifest by inhibition of the expression of several inflammatory mediators and hepatocyte apoptosis. DHEA should, thus, be considered as a novel candidate for the therapy of liver injury.