Dynamic insights into the effects of nonsynonymous polymorphisms (nsSNPs) on loss of TREM2 function.

Single nucleotide variations in Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and late-onset Alzheimer's disease because they disrupt ligand binding to the extracellular domain of TREM2. However, the effects of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in TREM2 on disease progression remain unknown. In this study, we identified several high-risk nsSNPs in the TREM2 gene using various deleterious SNP predicting algorithms and analyzed their destabilizing effects on the ligand recognizing region of the TREM2 immunoglobulin (Ig) domain by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Cumulative prediction by all tools employed suggested the three most deleterious nsSNPs involved in loss of TREM2 function are rs549402254 (W50S), rs749358844 (R52C), and rs1409131974 (D104G). MD simulation showed that these three variants cause substantial structural alterations and conformational remodeling of the apical loops of the TREM2 Ig domain, which is responsible for ligand recognition. Detailed analysis revealed that these variants substantially increased distances between apical loops and induced conformation remodeling by changing inter-loop nonbonded contacts. Moreover, all nsSNPs changed the electrostatic potentials near the putative ligand-interacting region (PLIR), which suggested they might reduce specificity or loss of binding affinity for TREM2 ligands. Overall, this study identifies three potential high-risk nsSNPs in the TREM2 gene. We propose further studies on the molecular mechanisms responsible for loss of TREM2 function and the associations between TREM2 nsSNPs and neurodegenerative diseases.

Structural Consequence of Non-Synonymous Single-Nucleotide Variants in the N-Terminal Domain of LIS1.

Disruptive neuronal migration during early brain development causes severe brain malformation. Characterized by mislocalization of cortical neurons, this condition is a result of the loss of function of migration regulating genes. One known neuronal migration disorder is lissencephaly (LIS), which is caused by deletions or mutations of the LIS1 (PAFAH1B1) gene that has been implicated in regulating the microtubule motor protein cytoplasmic dynein. Although this class of diseases has recently received considerable attention, the roles of non-synonymous polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in LIS1 on lissencephaly progression remain elusive. Therefore, the present study employed combined bioinformatics and molecular modeling approach to identify potential damaging nsSNPs in the LIS1 gene and provide atomic insight into their roles in LIS1 loss of function. Using this approach, we identified three high-risk nsSNPs, including rs121434486 (F31S), rs587784254 (W55R), and rs757993270 (W55L) in the LIS1 gene, which are located on the N-terminal domain of LIS1. Molecular dynamics simulation highlighted that all variants decreased helical conformation, increased the intermonomeric distance, and thus disrupted intermonomeric contacts in the LIS1 dimer. Furthermore, the presence of variants also caused a loss of positive electrostatic potential and reduced dimer binding potential. Since self-dimerization is an essential aspect of LIS1 to recruit interacting partners, thus these variants are associated with the loss of LIS1 functions. As a corollary, these findings may further provide critical insights on the roles of LIS1 variants in brain malformation.

A Computational workflow for the identification of the potent inhibitor of type II secretion system traffic ATPase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial type II secretion system has now become an attractive target for antivirulence drug development. The aim of the present study was to characterize the binding site of the type II secretion system traffic ATPase GspER of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and identify potent inhibitors using extensive computational and virtual screening approaches. Initially, the designed platform focused on the evolutionary relationship of ATPase GspER of P. aeruginosa, followed by protein-protein interaction network analysis to characterize its function. In addition, homology modeling, virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation have been performed to identify potent hits and understand the ligand binding properties of ATPase GspER. According to the evolutionary relationship, high level of genetic change was observed for P. aeruginosa, bearing orthology relationships with P.alcaligenes and P.otitidis. Concurrently, the binding site analysis represented residue Gly268, Ser267, Thr270, Thr271and Lys269 in Walker A motif directly formed hydrogen bonds with the ATP, which modulates the function of ATPase GspER in the secretion process, is also validated by the molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, ZINC04325133 is one of the most potent hits has been identified from virtual screening approach followed by molecular dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA binding energy analysis. These results may provide new knowledge for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against P. aeruginosa, as well as inhibiting secretion system process of a wide range of gram-negative bacteria.