Coflowing aqueous and oil-based ferrofluid streams exposed to a magnetic field.

We report the transition between stream and droplet regimes in a coflow of an aqueous stream and oil-based ferrofluid. The transition between stream and droplet regimes is typically attained by controlling the capillary numbers (Ca) of the phases. Remarkably, we experimentally evidence a transition between the regimes by adjusting the exposure of the system to a magnetic field, with Ca fixed. We represent the various regimes: stable coflow, interface deformation, and droplet generation, in terms of the magnetic bond number (Bom) and the ratio of capillary numbers of the phases (Car). The different regimes are a consequence of the interplay of the magnetic, viscous, and interfacial tension forces, represented by the two dimensionless numbers. We explain the regimes in terms of the magnetic pinch-off (τmp) and advection (τa) time scales: for τmp ≫ τa a stable coflow is observed, for τmp ∼ τa interface deformation is observed, and for τmp ≪ τa droplet breakup is observed. We study the interface deformation and droplet size from experiments and predict the same from theoretical scaling. We find the interface deformation increases and the droplet size decreases with increases in Bom and Car. The present study may find applications in magnetic field-assisted on-demand droplet generation in microfluidics.

Proteinaceous Lymphadenopathy Masquerading as Malignancy: a Rare Case Presenting a Diagnostic Dilemma.

Proteinaceous lymphadenopathy (PLD) is a rare poorly defined, underrecognized entity of uncertain etiology, characterized by massive deposition of amorphous, acellular, eosinophilic, PAS-positive material within an enlarged lymph node. We report an unusual case of a 46-year-old female with a large abdominal lump in the left lumbar region with inguinal lymphadenopathy. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) showed multiple variable-sized lobulated non-enhancing soft tissue attenuated masses showing multiple peripheral and central calcific foci in the right para-aortic, bilateral iliac region, pelvis on the left side and left inguinal region. No evidence of any abnormal hypermetabolic focus was found in the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. A large, well-defined, non-FDG avid mass lesion with significant central and peripheral calcification in the left iliac fossa, abutting the descending colon, was seen. A biopsy of left-sided inguinal lymph nodes revealed large masses of an amorphous, acellular, eosinophilic material with areas of mature lymphoid cell aggregates interspersed between the pink amorphous materials. A final impression of proteinaceous lymphadenopathy was given. Proteinaceous lymphadenopathy is a benign condition with often a large mass masquerading as malignancy. It is a major therapeutic challenge for pathologists and clinicians. Histopathologists need to be vigilant in such cases and be aware of the morphological appearances in such cases.

Optomicrofluidic detection of cancer cells in peripheral blood via metabolic glycoengineering.

The currently existing label-based techniques for the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) target natural surface proteins of cells and are therefore applicable to only limited cancer cell types. We report optomicrofluidic detection of cancer cells in the pool of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by exploiting the difference in their cell metabolism. We employ metabolic glycoengineering as a click chemistry tool for tagging cells that yields several fold-higher fluorescence signals from cancer cells compared to that from PBMCs. The effects of concentrations of the tagging compounds and cell incubation time on the fluorescence signal intensity are studied. The tagged cells were encapsulated in droplets ensuring that cells enter the detection region two-dimensionally focused in single-file and optically detected with a high detection efficiency and low coefficient of variation of the signals. The metabolic tagging approach showed a significantly higher tagging efficiency and average fluorescence signal compared to the well-established and widely adopted anti-EpCAM-FITC-based tagging. We demonstrated the detection of three different cancer cell lines - EpCAM-negative cervical cancer cell, HeLa, weakly EpCAM positive, and triple-negative breast cancer cell, MDA-MB-231, and strongly EpCAM positive breast cancer cell, MCF7, highlighting that the proposed technique is independent of naturally occurring cell surface proteins and widely applicable. The metabolically tagged and optically detected cells were successfully recultured, proving the compatibility of the proposed technique with downstream assays. The proposed technique is then utilised for the detection of CTCs in metastatic cancer patients' blood. The current work provides a new strategy for detecting cancer cells in the blood that can find potential applications in both fundamental research and clinical studies involving CTCs as well as in single-cell sequencing.

Acquisition of Precision and Reliability of Modalities for Facial Reconstruction and Aesthetic Surgery: A Systematic Review.

The foundation of reconstructive and cosmetic surgery is a confluence of advanced technologies, plethora of procedures, inventive modifications, and planned strategies. In surgical planning, the most crucial steps for treating a patient are evaluating the facial morphometry and recognizing the deviations from the baseline values of facial parameters. Various imaging and non-imaging modalities and sub-modalities contribute to diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up care. These techniques are an important milestone of pre-, peri-, and postoperative care in facial reconstruction. The current research aims to comprehensively explain imaging and non-imaging technologies encompassing both innovative and traditional approaches in facial reconstruction. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 1990 to 2022, and systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. Undoubtedly, various factors impact the selection of facial analysis acquisition approaches and their prospective. The surgical team must understand such modalities' potential for diagnosis and treatment. The evolution of three-dimensional imaging has been fueled because of the need for devices with high speed, small size, and several functions. Automation with more efficiency and precision is the way of the future for three-dimensional imaging. Stereophotogrammetry can clearly quantify the field of facial analysis. All the publications under consideration came to the same conclusion: Canfield's Vectra three-dimensional imaging devices can provide accurate, repeatable stereophotogrammetric pictures. Although a few minor mistakes were recorded, most examined devices are deemed reliable and accurate tools for Plastic surgeons.

Assessment of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in young reproductive aged women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: analogy of surrogate indices.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovarian syndrome has emerged as a cardiometabolic disorder and aim of this study was to evaluate various surrogate indices and their diagnostic potential to determine the most convenient and cost-effective marker of IR, CVD, and MetS in these women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-five PCOS women and 45 age matched healthy women were enrolled. Measures included anthropometric and biochemical parameters, BMI, WHR, WHtR, BAI, VAI, LAP, HOMA-IR, and lipid profile. RESULTS: LAP has highest AUC value 0.781 with cut-off value = 39.73 (sensitivity = 75% and specificity = 79.5%) for predicting IR and AUC value 0.83 with cut-off value = 35.63 (sensitivity = 94.4% and specificity = 77.3%) for predicting MetS in women with PCOS. LAP had statistically strong positive correlation with WC, BMI, WHR, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, and SBP. CONCLUSIONS: LAP is a powerful and reliable marker for assessment of IR, CVD, and MetS risk in young Indian women with PCOS.

Differential levels of CHMP2B, LLPH, and SLC25A51 proteins in secondary renal amyloidosis.

OBJECTIVES: Renal amyloidosis (RA) is a rare disease, typically manifested with proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and ultimately leads to renal failure. The present study aims to profile the proteomes of renal amyloidosis patient's serum and healthy controls, along with relative quantification to find out robust markers for RA. METHODS: In this study, 12 RA patients and their corresponding age and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited from the Nephrology department of Max Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi. We employed gel-based proteomic approach coupled with MALDI-TOF MS to compare protein expression patterns in RA patients and controls. Furthermore, validation of differential proteins (selected) was done using bio-layer interferometry. RESULTS: Eleven proteins showed remarkably altered expression levels. Moreover, expression modulation of three proteins (LLPH, SLC25A51, and CHMP2B) was validated which corroborated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) results showing significant upregulation (p < 0.05) in RA patients followed by ROC analysis which demonstrated the diagnostic potential of these proteins. A protein-protein master network was generated implicating the above identified proteins along with their interactors, fishing out the routes leading to amyloidosis. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the identified serum proteomic signatures could improve early diagnosis and lead to possible therapeutic targets in RA.

Differential expression of Lumican, Mimecan, Annexin A5 and Serotransferrin in ectopic and matched eutopic endometrium in ovarian endometriosis: a case-control study.

AIM: Endometriosis is a debilitating disease marked by recurrent gynecological proliferations. The present study aimed at performing differential proteomic analysis of matched eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with ovarian endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proteomes were resolved using nano LC-MS and further identified and quantified using ProteinLynx Global SERVER (PLGS) software. Selected proteins were further chosen for validation by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The protein profiles uncovered several differentially expressed proteins in the diseased sample (ectopic endometrium) as compared to the reference sample (eutopic endometrium). The study involved an advanced proteomic approach, nano LC-MS, and validates for the first time the upregulation of Mimecan and Lumican proteins in endometriosis. CONCLUSIONS: These proteins may hence prove as potentially useful tools in the search for diagnostic markers for early detection of the disease.

Differential expression of MAP3K7 and TROPONIN C proteins and related perturbations in renal amyloidosis.

OBJECTIVES: Renal amyloidosis (RA) is a rare protein misfolding disorder that prompts progressive renal insufficiency. This study aimed to decipher proteomic changes in human sera to understand the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease development, hence assisting in the diagnosis of RA. METHODS: Serum proteomic analysis was performed using a gel-based approach followed by MALDI-TOF MS. RA patients with age and sex matched healthy volunteers were recruited from Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India. RESULTS: Proteome profiles of serum revealed eight differentially expressed proteins namely, Zinc finger protein 624, Protein FAM183A, Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Scamc-3, V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit A isoforms 2, Protein TXNRD3NB, ATP - dependent RNA helicase, Troponin C and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7. These proteins were reported first time in RA. The increased levels of MAP3K7 and TROPONIN C were validated by bio-layer interferometry and their diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by ROC curve analysis. The differentially expressed proteins were predominantly associated with vesicular trafficking, transcriptional regulation, metabolic processes, apoptotic process and mitochondrial metabolism. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that these proteomic signatures may be considered as potential molecular targets for RA diagnostics and therapeutics subject to validation on large sample size. Abbreviations: AßP= Amyloid-beta protein, Aß=Amyloid-beta, AL= Light chain amyloidosis, AA= Amyloid A, ALECT2= LECT2 amyloidosis, APS= Ammonium persulfate CKD= Chronic Kidney Diseases, EBRT= external beam radiation therapy, ESRD= End-Stage Kidney Disease, Glis2= Gli-similar 2, JNK= c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase, MAPK= Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, MM=Multiple Myeloma, PHD= Prolyl hydroxylase, RA = Renal Amyloidosis, SAA= Serum Amyloid A, SD= Standard Deviation, Sepp= Selenoprotein, SCC= Squamous cell carcinoma, SDS= Sodium dodecyl sulfate, TEMED = tetramethyl ethylenediamine, TGF-Beta-1=Transforming growth factor- Beta-1, Trx = Thioredoxin, TrxR= Thioredoxin reductase.

Development of a pulsed radio frequency ignited multicusp-free negative hydrogen ion source.

A multicusp-free external antenna based radio frequency (RF) negative hydrogen (H-) ion source was developed to produce 16 mA of H- ion current at -50 kVDC accelerating voltage operated with a pulse width of 2 ms at 2 Hz repetition rate. A pulsed RF igniter system is devised for generating the initial electron and ion pairs required to generate the main plasma in the pulsed mode. This pulsed RF igniter reliably starts ignition with a hydrogen gas flow rate in the range of 18-50 standard cubic centimeter per minute (SCCM). This system eliminates the need of igniter in continuous operation although it is operated in low power mode. This source operating at a low average power and without any moving parts can be expected to have a superior lifetime. This paper describes the development and operational characteristics of the pulsed RF ignited H- ion source.

Proteomic sift through serum and endometrium profiles unraveled signature proteins associated with subdued fertility and dampened endometrial receptivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

The objective of this study is to discern the proteomic differences responsible for hampering the receptivity of endometrium and subduing the fertility of females with polycystic ovary syndrome in analogy to healthy fertile females. This study was designed in collaboration with Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary Hospital affiliated to Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. Serum samples were taken from infertile PCOS subjects (n = 6) and fertile control subjects (n = 6) whereas endometrial tissue samples were recruited from ovulatory PCOS (n = 4), anovulatory PCOS (n = 4) and normal healthy fertile control subjects (n = 4) for proteomic studies. Additionally, endometrial biopsies from healthy fertile control (n = 8), PCOS with infertility (n = 6), unexplained infertility (n = 3) and endometrial hyperplasia (n = 3) were taken for validation studies. Anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal evaluation was done for all the subjects enrolled in this study. Protein profiles were generated through 2D-PAGE and differential proteins analyzed with PD-QUEST software followed by identification with MALDI-TOF MS protein mass fingerprinting. Validation of identified proteins was done through RT-PCR relative expression analysis. Protein profiling of serum revealed differential expression of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, embryogenesis, DNA repair, decidual cell ploidy, immunomodulation, intracellular trafficking and degradation processes. Proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, cellular transport and signaling, DNA repair, apoptotic processes and mitochondrial metabolism were found to be differentially expressed in endometrium. The findings of this study revealed proteins that hold strong candidature as potential drug targets to regulate the cellular processes implicating infertility and reduced receptivity of endometrium in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Intracranial Hemorrhage in a Young Woman: An Unusual Initial Presentation of Undiagnosed Choriocarcinoma.

Choriocarcinoma is an uncommon tumor. Undiagnosed choriocarcinoma initially presenting with intracranial hemorrhage in an apparently healthy female is rare and presents a diagnostic difficulty. The authors report a case presenting as intracranial hemorrhage of unsuspected choriocarcinoma. As the measurement of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) would have helped in the preoperative diagnosis, estimation of serum ß-hCG levels is suggested in the diagnostic workup of a female of reproductive age group when radiological investigations are inconclusive. Craniotomy and excision of tumor followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy may improve the outcome.

Assessment of acetamiprid-induced genotoxic effects in bone marrow cells of Swiss albino male mice.

Acetamiprid (ACE), a neonicotinoid insecticide, is widely used in agriculture either alone or in combination with other insecticides. A combined approach employing micronucleus test (MNT) and chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay was utilized to assess the genotoxic effects of ACE in bone marrow of Swiss albino male mice. Acetamiprid was administered i.p. daily at 4.6 and 2.3 mg/kg/day along with 3% gum acacia as negative control for 60 and 90 days and cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg b.wt.) as positive control. ACE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the frequencies of micronuclei per cell and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells. The increased micronuclei formation in total erythrocyte cells (immature PCEs and mature NCEs) was observed only at higher dose level (4.6 mg/kg b.wt.) administered for 90 days. The test also indicated the cytotoxic effect of higher dose level of pesticide by PCE/NCE ratio. The number of chromosomal aberrations were increased in the pesticide treated group compared to the negative control group, although significant increase was observed only in the group exposed to higher dose level of pesticide for both 60 and 90 days. Thus, daily exposure of ACE at a dose level of 4.6 mg/kg body weight for 60 and 90 days caused genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on the somatic cells of Swiss albino male mice.

Promoter Methylation of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A is Associated with Increased Mortality among Indian Women with Breast Cancer

Background: Promoter methylation has been observed for several genes in association with cancer development and progression. Hypermethylation mediated-silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) may contribute to breast cancer pathogenesis. The present study was conducted to investigate the promoter methylation status of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A genes in Indian women with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Promoter methylation was evaluated in DNA extracted from mononuclear cells (MNCs) in peripheral blood samples of 60 histopathologically confirmed newly diagnosed, untreated cases of breast cancer as well as 60 age and sex matched healthy controls using MS-PCR. Association of promoter methylation with breast cancer-specific mortality was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for overall survival of the breast cancer patients. Results: We observed a significant increase of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A promoter methylation levels by 51.7% (P <0.001), 55.0% (P <0.001) and 46.6% (P <0.001), respectively, when compared to healthy controls. A strong correlation was noted between hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 (P= 0.009), DAPK1 (P= 0.008) and RASSF1A (P= 0.02)) with early and advanced stages of breast cancer patients. We also found that breast cancer-specific mortality was significantly associated with promoter methylation of BRCA1 [HR and 95% CI: 3.25 (1.448-7.317)] and DAPK1 [HR and 95% CI: 2.32 (1.05-5.11)], whereas limited significant link was evident with RASSF1A [HR and 95% CI: 1.54 (0.697-3.413]. Conclusion: Our results suggest that promoter methylation of BRCA1, DAPK1 and RASSF1A genes may be associated with disease progression and poor overall survival of Indian women with breast cancer.

Vitamins for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: An Insight.

Over a few decades a strong interlink between oxidative damage and cancer has been investigated by various scientists across the world on the basis of epidemiological observations of the effects of fruits and vegetables used in the diet for cancer patients. Primarily, Vitamin C, Vitamin D and Vitamin E are reported to be involved in the amelioration of side effects which occur in chemotherapy and radiation therapy of lungs, stomach, prostate, colorectal, gastric head and neck cancers. The vitamins acting as antioxidant adjuvants are found to have apoptotic and antiangiogenesis potential as well as inhibitory effects against metastasis in cancer cells. This chapter explicitly discusses the key aspects concerned with the vitamins in relation to cancer prevention and treatment. It describes vitamins and their natural resources, role of vitamins in the body, and vitamins as prime ingredients in the diet and their effects on cancer biology with reference to recent research reports. Moreover, this paper also includes the emerging potential of pharmaceutical advances to enhance bioavailability of the vitamins to cancer patients with improved safety and efficacy. Clinicians and researchers must mull over the nutritional requirements of individual cancer patient so as to treat cancer and increase life expectancy.

Association of IL-1ß, IL-1Ra and FABP1 gene polymorphisms with the metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a highly prevalent endocrinopathy is currently being designated as chronic low grade inflammatory state. IL-1ß, IL-1Ra and FABP1 are critical mediators of inflammatory processes and are speculated to play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. The aim of this study was to study the association of IL-ß, IL-1Ra and FABP1 gene polymorphisms with PCOS and related metabolic features. SUBJECTS: 95 PCOS and 45 age matched healthy control subjects were enrolled in this study. METHODS: Polymorphism in genes IL-1ß, IL-1Ra and FABP1 was studied by PCR, PCR-RFLP and sequencing methods, respectively. Hormonal and lipid profiles were evaluated for all the subjects. RESULTS: Hormonal and lipid profiles showed significant differences between PCOS and control subjects. Allele and genotype frequencies of IL-1ß, IL-1Ra and FABP1 gene polymorphisms did not vary between the control and PCOS group. However, T allele of C[-511]T variant of IL-1ß, allele II in intron 2 of IL-1Ra and A allele of A/G variant of FABP1 (rs2197076) showed significant association with many metabolic features associated with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphism in genes encoding cytokines and proteins involved in lipid metabolism can provide insights into the genetics of the disease and may contribute to assess the associated risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS) associated with PCOS.

Novel interferon-gamma assays for diagnosing tuberculosis in young children in India.

SETTING: The tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are used as supportive evidence to diagnose active tuberculosis (TB). Novel IGRAs could improve diagnosis, but data are lacking in young children. DESIGN: Children (age 5 years) with suspected TB were prospectively screened at a tertiary hospital in Pune, India; the children underwent TST, and standard (early secretory antigenic target 6 and culture filtrate protein 10) and enhanced (five additional novel antigens) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays. RESULTS: Of 313 children (median age 30 months) enrolled, 92% had received bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination, 53% were malnourished and 9% were coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); 48 (15%) had TB, 128 (41%) did not, and TB could not be ruled out in 137 (44%). The sensitivity of enhanced (45%) and standard (42%) ELISpot assays for diagnosing TB was better than that of TST (20%) (P  0.03); however, enhanced ELISpot was not more sensitive than the standard ELISpot assay (P = 0.50). The specificity of enhanced ELISpot, standard ELISpot and TST was respectively 82% (95%CI 74-89), 88% (95%CI 81-94) and 98% (95%CI 93-100). Rv3879c and Rv3615c, previously reported to be promising antigens, failed to improve the diagnostic performance of the ELISpot assay. CONCLUSION: The TST and the standard and novel ELISpot assays performed poorly in diagnosing active TB among young children in India.

Serum microRNA-21 expression as a prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for breast cancer patients.

MiRNA-21 is recognized as the main active candidate and high expression in many solid tumors consequential cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and closely related to metastasis of disease. The study aimed to evaluate the serum miRNA-21 expression and therapy outcome in breast cancer patients and cell lines. Seventy-five histopathologically confirmed newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were included in the study; before and after therapy, patient's blood sample were collected and analyzed for serum microRNA-21 expression by quantitative real-time PCR. In patients, 8.9 mean fold increased microRNA-21 expression was observed compared to controls. Increased expression was found to be associated with advanced stage (11.72-fold), lymph node involvement (11.12-fold), and distant metastases (20.17-fold). After treatment significant decrease in miRNA-21 expression was observed and found to be significant (p < 0.0001). Patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy had significant impact on miRNA-21 suppression and found to be significantly associated with different clinicopathological features of patients. Increased miRNA-21 expression was also found to be significantly associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients (p = 0.002). MicroRNA-21 expression could be used as promising predictive indicators for breast cancer prognosis. MicroRNA-21 over-expression was associated with response to neoadjuvant therapy and may perhaps be considered as primary treatment choice.

Malignant metastatic carcinoid presenting as brain tumor.

Carcinoid tumors are rarely known to metastasise to the brain. It is even more rare for such patients to present with symptoms related to metastases as the initial and only symptom. We present a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with hemiparesis and imaging features suggestive of brain tumor. He underwent surgery and the histopathology revealed metastatic malignant lesion of neuroendocrine origin. A subsequent work up for the primary was negative. Patient was treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. We present this case to highlight the pathophysiological features, workup and treatment options of this rare disease and discuss the methods of differentiating it from more common brain tumors.

Clinical significance of TP53 (R72P) and MDM2 (T309G) polymorphisms in breast cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: TP53 gene is the most frequently altered tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. It has been observed that MDM2 plays a central role in regulating the TP53 pathway. This study aimed to investigate the role of TP53 Arg72Pro and MDM2 T309G polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The TP53 (Arg72Pro) and MDM2 (T309G) polymorphisms were studied in a hospital-based case control study by AS-PCR in 100 breast cancer patients and 100 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: It was observed that TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism was significantly associated with breast cancer (χ (2) = 9.92, p = 0.007). A significantly increased breast cancer risk was associated with the Proline allele [odds ratio 1.84 (95 % CI: 1.22-2.77), risk ratio 1.34 (95 % CI: 1.11-1.63), p value 0.003], HER2/neu status (p = 0.01) and distant metastasis (p = 0.05). On the other hand, we have found a significant correlation between MDM2 (T309G) polymorphism with HER2/neu status (χ (2) = 11.14, p = 0.003) and distant metastasis (p value = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our finding suggests that TP53 (Arg72Pro) polymorphism may play a significant role as risk factor for breast cancer in north Indian breast cancer patients. While MDM2 (T309G) polymorphism may not be directly associated with the risk of breast cancer occurrence in the same population, but it may play role in disease progression by triggering TP53.