Efficacy and safety of general anesthesia with caudal block for inguinal hernioplasty in children: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Caudal block is a type of regional anesthesia suitable for inguinal hernia surgery in children. Our goal was to determine the effectiveness of caudal block combined with general anesthesia in providing intra- and postoperative analgesia and its effect on hemodynamic stability and drug consumption. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective, randomized controlled study included 78 boys, 3-5 years, with an indication for inguinal herniorrhaphy, divided into groups G (general anesthesia, n=39) and G+C (general anesthesia + caudal block, n=39). We monitored hemodynamic parameters intraoperatively, postoperative pain, and total consumption of all medicaments in the perioperative period. The monitoring of complications and side effects of drugs was also carried out. RESULTS: Boys in group G had statistically significantly higher values of heart rate in the 5th minute (p<0.01), in the 25th minute (p<0.01), and after awakening from anesthesia (p<0.01). We obtained similar results with systolic and diastolic pressure values in the 5th minute (p<0.01), 15th minute (p<0.01), 25th minute (p<0.01), before awakening from anesthesia (p<0.01) and after awakening (p<0.01). They also had significantly statistically higher total consumption of propofol, fentanyl, and acetaminophen (p<0.01). Boys in group G+C had significantly lower postoperative pain scores: initially (p<0.01), after 2 hours (p<0.01), and after 5 hours (p<0.01). No complications occurred in this group. CONCLUSIONS: In children, the combination of general anesthesia with caudal block, compared to general anesthesia only, is more efficient in suppressing visceral pain, leading to better hemodynamic stability, and reducing the consumption of medicines in the perioperative period.

Association of polymorphisms in TNF-α, IL-1ß, GSTM and GSTT genes with apical periodontitis: is there a link with herpesviral infection?

AIM: To investigate the possible association between TNFα (-308 G/A) and IL-1ß (-511 C/T) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and GSTT and GSTM deletion polymorphisms and risk of apical periodontitis (AP) development, and determine the association of different genotypes with the presence of herpesviral infection in AP. METHODOLOGY: The study included 120 periapical lesions and 200 control samples. Gene polymorphism analysis was performed using either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR/ restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Relative gene expression of TNF-α and IL-1ß was analysed using reverse transcriptase - real-time PCR. The presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was assessed by nested PCR. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression analyses were done for polymorphisms, whilst Mann-Whitney U-test was performed for the expression analysis. The expected frequency of variants was analysed by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test. RESULTS: TNF-α (-308 G/A) SNP increased AP susceptibility for heterozygous (odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-2.80, P = 0.027) and homozygous (OR = 8.55, 95% CI = 1.77-41.36, P < 0.001) carriers of the variant A allele. On the other hand, IL-1ß (-511 C/T) polymorphism exerted a protective effect both in heterozygotes (OR = 0.540, 95% CI = 0.332-0.880, P = 0.013) and homozygotes (OR = 0.114, 95% CI = 0.026-0.501, P < 0.001). In addition, GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes separately, as well as concomitantly, were associated with an increased risk for AP development (P < 0.001). The null GSTT1 genotype increased approximately twice the risk of Epstein-Barr infection (EBV) in AP (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1-4.71, P = 0.048), whilst TNF-α SNP decreased it, both in heterozygotes (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.08-0.48, P < 0.001) and AA homozygotes (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01-0.37, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: GSTM and GSTT deletion polymorphisms, as well as TNFα (-308 G/A) SNP, are associated with increased risk, whereas IL-1ß (-511 C/T) polymorphism decreases the risk of AP development. GSTT and TNFα polymorphisms also appear to modulate the risk of EBV infection in Serbian patients with AP.

Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and bone resorption regulators in apical periodontitis lesions infected by Epstein-Barr virus.

AIM: To investigate whether apical periodontitis lesions infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exhibit higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers [8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and bone resorption regulators [receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)] compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions and healthy pulp tissues. METHODOLOGY: The experimental group consisted of 30 EBV-positive and 30 EBV-negative periapical lesions collected in conjunction with apicoectomy. The pulp tissues of 20 impacted third molars were used as healthy controls. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of EBV was performed by nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. The levels of RANKL and OPG were analysed by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR. The levels of 8-OHdG and GSSG were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's correlation were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The levels of RANKL, OPG, 8-OHdG and GSSG were significantly higher in apical periodontitis lesions compared to healthy pulp controls (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). RANKL and OPG mRNA expression was significantly higher in EBV-positive compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions (P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between EBV copy numbers and levels of RANKL, OPG, 8OH-dG and GSSG in apical periodontitis. CONCLUSION: Levels of bone resorption regulators and oxidative stress biomarkers were increased in apical periodontitis compared to healthy pulp tissues. EBV-positive periapical lesions exhibited higher levels of RANKL and OPG compared to EBV-negative periapical lesions. EBV may contribute to progression of apical periodontitis via enhanced production of bone resorption regulators.

Herpesviruses viral loads and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in apical periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) viral loads in symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis lesions, to determine levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 in these lesions and to investigate a possible correlation between herpesviral copy numbers and levels of proinflammatory cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 samples of apical periodontitis were subjected to HCMV and EBV copy numbers analysis by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and TaqMan real-time PCR. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 were determined by ELISA method. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the occurrence of EBV and HCMV between symptomatic and asymptomatic periapical lesions (p = .686, p = .879, respectively). Only 12 of 74 EBV (16.2%) and four of 54 HCMV (13.5%) nested PCR-positive samples showed increased viral copy numbers above the limit of 125 copies/ml. There was no significant correlation between the levels of analysed proinflammatory cytokines and herpesviral copy numbers in our sample. CONCLUSION: The observed low viral loads point to a relatively rare occurrence of active EBV and HCMV infection in our sample. Latent herpesviral infection does not enhance the production of investigated proinflammatory cytokines.

[Standards for treatment in forensic committment according to § 63 and § 64 of the German criminal code : Interdisciplinary task force of the DGPPN]. / Standards für die Behandlung im Maßregelvollzug nach §§ 63 und 64 StGB : Interdisziplinäre Task-Force der DGPPN.

People who have been convicted of a crime due to a severe mental disorder and continue to be dangerous as a result of this disorder may be placed in a forensic psychiatric facility for improvement and safeguarding according to § 63 and § 64 of the German Criminal Code (StGB). In Germany, approximately 9000 patients are treated in clinics for forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy on the basis of § 63 of the StGB and in withdrawal centers on the basis of § 64 StGB. The laws for treatment of patients in forensic commitment are passed by the individual States, with the result that even the basic conditions differ in the individual States. While minimum requirements have already been published for the preparation of expert opinions on liability and legal prognosis, consensus standards for the treatment in forensic psychiatry have not yet been published. Against this background, in 2014 the German Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Neurology (DGPPN) commissioned an interdisciplinary task force to develop professional standards for treatment in forensic psychiatry. Legal, ethical, structural, therapeutic and prognostic standards for forensic psychiatric treatment should be described according to the current state of science. After 3 years of work the results of the interdisciplinary working group were presented in early 2017 and approved by the board of the DGPPN. The standards for the treatment in the forensic psychiatric commitment aim to initiate a discussion in order to standardize the treatment conditions and to establish evidence-based recommendations.

Generalized acanthosis nigricans in early childhood.

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a disorder often accompanied by internal malignancy in adult patients, but in children it is usually benign. Generalized forms of AN, especially in childhood, are extremely rare. We report a 5-year-old boy with a 3-year history of AN who had generalized roughness and hyperpigmentation, numerous skin wrinkles, disseminated skin tags, tripe palms, and intensive pruritus. No clinical evidence of internal disorders, notably of an endocrinologic or neoplastic nature, have been detected thus far.

[Growth of Wistar rats jaws following single dose of vincristine]. / Rast vilica wistar pacova po delovanju jednokratne doze vincristina.

In the chemotherapy of malignant diseases the cytostatic Vincristine is often used. Since literature data showed the negative effects of Vincristine on young cells of the healthy developing tissue, only animals were used in experiment of Vincristine testing. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the growth of the rat's maxilla and mandible in relation to time intervals following a single dose of Vincristine. The experiment concerned 80 Wistar rats of both sexes. Experimental animals (46) were subcutaneously injected, in the neck wrinkle, a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg BW of Vincristine, on the 7th or 8th postnatal day. The control group consisted of 34 untreated animals. Both treated and untreated animals were sacrificed on the 24th, 42nd and 57th postnatal day, respectively, by decapitation. Following isolation and removal of soft tissue remnants jaws were radiographed using Siemens X-ray dental device. Morphometric measurements were performed with the following parametres: front and rear width and height of the maxillary arc, sagittal and vertical dimensions and coronal length of mandibular incisors. Values were statistically computed and elaborated by Student t-test. The significant level was 5% (p less than 0.05). The results showed that the mean values of the majority of parametres of both jaws were significantly lower in the group of treated animals compared to untreated group.

[The effect of vincristine on dental pulp of experimental animals]. / Delovanje vincristina na pulpu molara wistar pacova.

Chemotherapy is applied in the treatment of malignant disease to decrease the number of malignant cells, and to avoid damage of the living tissue and growing cells which must be reduced to the lowest level. In the combination of cytostatics Vincristine, a Vinca-alkaloid, is widely used. The purpose of this study was to analyse the pulp and dentine in experimental animals after the administration of Vincristine. Wistar rats of both sexes were used. Vincristine (Onkovin, Lilly) was injected in the neck skin fold on the 7th and the 8th postnatal day in a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg b.w. At the 24th postnatal day experimental and control animals were sacrificed. Both jaws with teeth were prepared for routine histologic examination. The results showed that Vincristine effect was different in different regions of the tooth. The number and disposition of odontoblasts was reduced in all areas of tooth sections, especially in the pulp horn. In the central part of coronal and radicular pulp tissue blood vessels were dilated and filled with blood cells. A histologic appearance of newly formed dentine was irregular.

[Effect of vincristine on molar development and jaw growth in rats]. / Uticaj Vincrestina na razvoj zuba i rast vilica pacova.

A cystostatic of group Vinca-alcaloides, Vincristine, is often used in chemotherapy. As a microtubular poison it reacts with microtubular molecules of cell cytoplasma and in response to dose administrated decelerates or stops cell division. Since the information about the effect of this drug on molar teeth has not been found in available literature the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vincristine on tooth development and jaw growth in rats. The experiment was carried out on Wistar rats of both sexes. Vincristine (Oncovin, "Lilly") was injected to animals in the dose of 0.1 mg/kg b.w. seven or eight days following birth. Treated and control animals were sacrificed on the 24th postnatal day. Radiographs of the mandibule were used to study tooth development. The morphometric examination concerned the following parameters: in maxillar frontal and posterior arc width and height; vertical and sagital dimension as well as length of incisive crown in the mandibule. The results of the analysis suggested that the teeth of treated rats were retarded in development compared to the control animals. Morphometric investigations showed that in treated rats both jaws were decelerated in growth in comparison to the control group but with no statistical significance. It should be emphasized that a 16-day-period was too short that full efficet of Vincristine should be established in rats and lead to a result which could suggest a certain molar development and jaw growth.