Uroprotective Potential of Campesterol in Cyclophosphamide Induced Interstitial Cystitis; Molecular Docking Studies.

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is commonly used to treat cancer of the ovaries, breast, lymph, and blood system and produces interstitial cystitis (IC) via its urotoxic metabolite: i. e., acrolein. The present study was aimed to investigate the uroprotective effect of campesterol (a steroidal phytochemical) in cyclophosphamide induced IC. IC was induced by CYP (150 mg/kg, i. p.) in rats. The Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for oxidative stress markers and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for inflammatory cytokines were carried out. The Tissue Organ Bath Technique was used for the evaluation of the spasmolytic effect of campesterol. Different pharmacological antagonists have been used to explore the mechanism of action of campesterol. Treatment with campesterol (70 mg/kg) reduced nociception (55 %), edema (67 %), hemorrhage (67 %), and protein leakage significantly (94 %). The antioxidant activity of campesterol was exhibited by a fall in MDA, NO, and an elevation in SOD, CAT, and GPX levels. Campesterol presented anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing IL-1, TNF-α, and TGF-ß expression levels. Histologically, it preserved urothelium from the deleterious effect of CYP. Campesterol showed a spasmolytic effect by reducing bladder overactivity that was dependent on muscarinic receptors, voltage-gated calcium and KATP channels, and cyclo-oxygenase pathways. In silico studies confirmed the biochemical findings. The findings suggest that campesterol could be valorized as a possible therapeutic agent against cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis.

Uroprotective and Hepatoprotective Potential of Anagallis arvensis against the Experimental Animal Model.

Anagallis arvensis (A. arvensis) belonging to the family Primulaceae is traditionally used for liver and kidney diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the uroprotective and hepatoprotective potentials of A. arvensis in cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rat model, respectively. Nociception, bladder weight, vesical vascular permeability, Gray's criteria for edema and hemorrhage, and levels of nitric oxide, catalase, and glutathione were estimated and studied in the cystitis model. Liver function test, lipid profile, and histopathological evaluation were carried out in the hepatoprotective activity. Oral administration of methanol extract of A. arvensis significantly reduced bladder weight, vesical vascular permeability, edema, hemorrhage, nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-α, while the level of catalase and glutathione peroxide was increased. In hepatoprotective activity, pretreatment with A. arvensis significantly decreased the level of liver markers (Bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP) and lipid profile (cholesterol, TG, LDL, and VLDL). Histopathological studies confirmed the biochemical findings of both studies. GC-MS analysis presented the presence of antioxidant phytoconstituents. Thus, it was concluded that A. arvensis might act as uroprotective and hepatoprotective due to the presence of antioxidant phytochemicals in the rodent model. Isolation and identification of phytochemicals present in the methanol extract of A. arvensis and evaluation of their exact mechanism of action become mandatory in future studies.