Ornithinimicrobium laminariae sp. nov., isolated from the kelp Laminaria japonica.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-sporulating, yellow-pigmented and rod or cocci-shaped bacterium, designated Arc0846-15T, was isolated from the kelp Laminaria japonica. Strain Arc0846-15T was found to grow at 16-35 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 0-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2 %). Cells were positive for catalase and negative for oxidase activity. Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, revealed that the nearest phylogenetic neighbour strains of strain Arc0846-15T were Ornithinimicrobium murale 01 Gi-040T (96.2 %), Ornithinimicrobium kibberense K22-20T (96.1 %) and Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum HKI 0124T (95.2 %). Based on phylogenomic analysis, the average nucleotide identity values between strain Arc0846-15T and the neighbour strains were 69.8, 69.7 and 69.8 %, respectively; the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Arc0846-15T and its three closest neighbour strains were 18.8, 19.1 and 19.3 %, respectively. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8 (H4). The dominant cellular fatty acids were C17 : 1 ω8c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipid, one unidentified aminolipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain Arc0846-15T was 61.6 mol% based on the whole genome sequence. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain Arc0846-15T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium laminariae sp. nov. is proposed, with Arc0846-15T (=KCTC 49655T=MCCC 1K06093T) as the type strain.

Shewanella nanhaiensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from sediment of South China Sea, and emended descriptions of Shewanella woodyi, Shewanella hanedai and Shewanella canadensis.

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, facultative anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain NR704-98T, was isolated from marine sediment of the northern South China Sea. Cells were positive for oxidase and catalase activity. Growth was observed at 4-30 °C (optimum 20-25 °C), at pH 6-9 (pH 7) and with 0.5-7 % NaCl (2 %). The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain NR704-98T were Shewanella woodyi MS32T (97.9 %), Shewanella hanedai 281T (97.1 %), Shewanella sediminis HAW-EB3T (96.8 %) and Shewanella canadensis HAW-EB2T (96.7 %). Based on the results of phylogenomic analysis, the average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain NR704-98T and the previously mentioned type strains of species of the genus Shewanella were in the range of 74.9-93.1 % and 20.6-51.4 %, respectively. The respiratory quinones were Q-7 and Q-8. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of strain NR704-98T were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and iso-C15 : 0. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminophospholipids and five unidentified lipids were detected in strain NR704-98T. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain NR704-98T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Shewanella, for which the name Shewanella nanhaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NR704-98T (=KCTC 82799T=MCCC 1K06091T).

Tamlana haliotis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the abalone Haliotis rubra.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, yellow-pigmented rod-shaped and alginate-degrading bacterium, designated B1N29T, was isolated from the gut of the abalone Haliotis rubra obtained in Weihai, China. Strain B1N29T was found to grow at 4-35 ℃ (optimum, 25 ℃), at pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, 7.0-7.5) and in the presence of 0.5-9% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2%). Cells were positive for oxidase and catalase activity. The 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nearest phylogenetic neighbors of strain B1N29T were Tamlana carrageenivorans KCTC 62451T (98.2%) and Tamlana agarivorans KCTC 22176T (97.7%). Based on the phylogenomic analysis, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain B1N29T and the neighbor strains were 79.2 and 79.0%, respectively; the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain B1N29T and its two closest neighbors were 22.8 and 23.0%, respectively. Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was detected as the sole respiratory quinone. The dominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:1 G. The polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, one aminophospholipid, seven aminolipids and five unidentified lipids. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain B1N29T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tamlana, for which the name Tamlana haliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B1N29T (= KCTC 72683T = MCCC 1H00394T).

Salinimicrobium nanhaiense sp. nov. and Salinimicrobium oceani sp. nov., two novel species of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the South China Sea.

Strains J15B81-2T and J15B91T were isolated from a sediment sample collected from the South China Sea. Cells of both strains were observed to be rod-shaped, non-gliding, Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, facultatively anaerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and showing optimum growth at 30 °C. Strains J15B81-2T and J15B91T could tolerate up to 9 and 10  % (w/v) NaCl concentration and grow at pH 6.5-9.5 and 6.0-9.0, respectively. The strains shared 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to each other but were identified as two distinct species based on 81.1-85.8 % ANIb and 31.5 % dDDH values calculated using whole genome sequences. Strains J15B81-2T and J15B91T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Salinimicrobium xinjiangense CGMCC 1.12522T (98.4 %) and Salinimicrobium sediminis CGMCC 1.12641T (98.0 %), respectively. Among species with validly published names, S. sediminis CGMCC 1.12641T shared close genetic relatedness with strains J15B81-2T [85.1-85.3% average nucleotide identity based on blastBlast+ (ANIb) and 30.6 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH)] and J15B91T (76.6-79.1 % ANIb and 21.5 % dDDH). The major fatty acid of strains J15B81-2T and J15B91T were identified as iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0, respectively, and the major polar lipids of the two strains consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The strains contained MK-6 as their predominant menaquinone. The genomic G+C contents of strains J15B81-2T and J15B91T were determined to be 41.7 and 41.8 mol %, respectively. Both strains are considered to represent two novel species of the genus Salinimicrobium and the names Salinimicrobium nanhaiense sp. nov. and Salinimicrobium oceani sp. nov. are proposed for strains J15B81-2T (=KCTC 72867T=MCCC 1H00410T) and J15B91T (=KCTC 72869T=MCCC 1H00411T), respectively.

[Effect of Chinese herbs for nourishing shen-yin and removing xiang-fire on estrogen receptor expression in reproductive organ of rats contaminated with environmental endocrine disruptor].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Chinese herbs for nourishing Shen-yin and removing Xiang-fire (NYRF) on estrogen receptor (ER) expression in uterus and ovary of rats contaminated with nonylphenol (NP) or its bisphenol A (BPA) mixture, for exploring the action mechanism of NYRF in antagonizing the estrogen-mimetic activity of environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs). METHODS: EEDs contaminated female SD rats, 3-week old, were divided into two groups, the treated group fed with NYRF and the control group with corn oil during the same period of contaminating for 15 days. The wet weight (WW) and organ coefficient (OC) of uterus in rats, as well as the ER protein and mRNA expressions in rat's uterus and ovary were detected and compared. RESULTS: As compared with normal range, WW and OC increased significantly in the contaminated rats of the control group, with significantly down-regulated ER protein expression in uterus, and expressions of ER alpha and ER beta gene and protein in ovary (P<0.05). While in the treated group, the above-mentioned abnormalities of various indicators were markedly reversed to a certain extent (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: EEDs show estrogenic-mimetic action on productive organs, which could be antagonized by NYRF, resulting in the down-regulated mRNA and protein expressions of ER in reproductive organs, so as to reduce the sensibility of reproductive organs to EEDs, which is probably one of the acting mechanisms of NYRF.