Intracranial ependymoma in an adult patient with multiple primary malignancies.

The incidence of multiple primary malignancies (MPM) is increasing, and therefore, it has become highly important for clinicians to consider the concept of MPM when treating oncology patients. In this case report, we follow the clinical course of a patient diagnosed with a new intracranial lesion, an ependymoma, on a background of MPM. We explore the barriers implicating the delay in her diagnosis, dissect the challenges in managing her disease and emphasise the importance of social determinants in optimising her care.

Emergent craniotomy in rural and regional settings: recommendations from a tertiary neurosurgery unit: diagnosis and surgical decision-making.

Largely attributed to the tyranny of distance, timely transfer of patients with major traumatic brain injuries (TBI) from rural or regional hospitals to metropolitan trauma centres is not always feasible. This has warranted emergent craniotomies to be undertaken by non-neurosurgeons at their local hospitals with previous acceptable results reported in regional Australia. Our institution endorses this ongoing potentially life-saving practice when necessary and emphasize the need for neurosurgical units to provide ongoing TBI education to peripheral hospitals. In this first of a two-part narrative review, the authors describe the recommended diagnostic pathway for patients with a suspected TBI presenting to rural or regional hospitals and discuss local surgical management options in the presence or absence of a CT scanner.

Emergent craniotomy in rural and regional settings - recommendations from a tertiary neurosurgery unit: surgical technique and future prospects.

Kenneth G Jamieson described the emergent craniotomy for traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the rural and regional setting back in 1965 in his book 'A First Notebook Of Head Injury'. Since then, there has been successful use of the technique in peripheral hospitals prior to the safe transfer of patients to metropolitan trauma centres. Although the procedure can be daunting in inexperienced hands, our institution supports ongoing education to continue implementation of trauma craniotomies by non-neurosurgeons if it means another life is potentially saved. Here we describe the surgical technique for an emergent craniotomy and craniectomy. Although the surgical technique has been described elsewhere, we have done so in a simplified 10-step approach with consideration of available resources in the peripheral hospital setting and the added pearls from the experience of a metropolitan neurosurgical unit. We also discuss future prospects for undertaking neurosurgical operations in peripheral hospitals but with intra-operative tele-surgery monitoring and supervision.

Severe symptomatic hyponatraemia secondary to bowel preparation.

​A 62-year-old woman presented to a rural Australian hospital for a planned admission to receive bowel preparation 1 day prior to an upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. This admission was complicated by seizures and reduced levels of consciousness in the setting of hyponatraemia secondary to bowel preparation. Given the limited resources in a remote/rural Australian hospital, transfer to a tertiary level hospital was required for review and management of this rare complication of bowel preparation.

Review and update of benign prostatic hyperplasia in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumour in men. Although men with BPH often need medical or surgical management from a urologist at some point throughout the timeline of their disease, most men are initially assessed and managed by a general practitioner (GP) in the primary healthcare setting. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to highlight the principles of the pathogenesis, presentation, assessment and management of BPH in a primary care setting. DISCUSSION: Between 2009 and 2011, BPH was managed by GPs at approximately 228,000 general practice visits per annum in Australia. Several changes in pharmaceutical agents and surgical intervention have occurred over the past decade. As a result, it is imperative that GPs remain up to date with assessment and management of BPH, are aware of new therapies and understand when to refer to a urologist.

Probing antioxidant activity of 2'-hydroxychalcones: crystal and molecular structures, in vitro antiproliferative studies and in vivo effects on glucose regulation.

In order to better understand the antioxidant behavior of a series of polyphenolic 2'-hydroxychalcones, we describe the results of several chemical and biological studies, in vitro and in vivo. Single crystal X-ray methods elucidated their molecular structures and important intermolecular interactions such as H-bonding and molecular stacking in the crystal structures that contribute to our knowledge in explaining antioxidant activity. The results of experiments using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) UV-vis spectroscopic method indicate that a hydroxyl group in position 5' induces the highest antioxidant activity. Consequently, 2,2',5'-trihydroxychalcone was selected for further study in vitro towards ROS scavenging in L-6 myoblasts and THP-1 human monocytes, where it shows an excellent antioxidant activity in a concentration range lower than that reported by most studies of related molecules. In addition, this chalcone shows a very selective activity: it inhibits the proliferation of leukemic cells, but it does not affect the normal L-6 myoblasts and human fibroblasts. In studying 2,2',5'-trihydroxychalcone's effect on weight gain and serum glucose and insulin levels in Zucker fatty (fa(-)/fa(-)) rats we found that supplementing the diet with a 10 mg/kg dose of this chalcone (3 times weekly) blunted the increase in glucose that co-occurs with weight gain over the 6-week treatment period. It is concluded that 2,2',5'-trihydroxychalcone has the potential to serve as a protective agent for some debilitating diseases.