Predictive potential of various plasma inflammation-, angiogenesis-, and extracellular matrix remodeling-associated mediators for intra-amniotic inflammation and/or microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in preterm labor.

PURPOSE: To determine whether various inflammatory-, angiogenic/anti-angiogenic-, and extracellular matrix remodeling-associated proteins in plasma, alone or in combination with conventional blood-based markers, can predict intra-amniotic inflammation and/or microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (IAI/MIAC) in women with spontaneous preterm labor (PTL). METHODS: A total of 193 singleton pregnant women with PTL (23-33 weeks) were included in this retrospective cohort study. Plasma samples were obtained at the time of amniocentesis. Amniotic fluid (AF) was cultured for microorganism detection and consequent MIAC diagnosis. IL-6 levels were determined in AF and used to identify IAI (AF IL-6 ≥ 2.6 ng/mL). Endostatin, haptoglobin, IGFBP-2/3, LBP, M-CSF, MMP-2/8, pentraxin 3, PlGF, S100A8/A9, and VEGFR-1 levels were assayed in plasma samples by ELISA. CRP levels and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were measured. RESULTS: Plasma LBP, MMP-8, and S100A8/A9 levels, CRP levels, and NLR were significantly higher, and plasma IGFBP-2 and MMP-2 levels were significantly lower in women with IAI/MIAC than in those without this condition, whereas no baseline variables differed significantly between the two groups. Using a stepwise regression analysis, a noninvasive prediction model for IAI/MIAC was developed, which included plasma LBP, MMP-2, and MMP-8 levels (area under the curve [AUC], 0.785). The AUC for this prediction model was significantly or borderline greater than that of any single factor included in the model. CONCLUSIONS: IGFBP-2, LBP, MMP-2, MMP-8, and S100A8/A9 may represent valuable plasma biomarkers for predicting IAI/MIAC in women with PTL. Combination of LBP, MMP-2, and MMP-8 expression data can significantly improve the predictive potential for IAI/MIAC.

Cord blood transforming growth factor-ß-induced as predictive biomarker of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants.

PURPOSE: To determine whether 14 inflammation-, angiogenesis-, and adhesion-related proteins in cord blood (CB), alone or in combination with conventional perinatal factors, could predict retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants. METHODS: Data from 111 preterm infants (born at ≤ 32.0 weeks) were retrospectively reviewed. The levels of endoglin, E-selectin, HSP70, IGFBP-3/4, LBP, lipocaline-2, M-CSFR, MIP-1α, pentraxin 3, P-selectin, TGFBI, TGF-ß1, and TNFR2 were assessed in stored CB samples collected at birth using ELISA kits. The primary endpoints included severe ROP (≥ stage 3) and type 1 ROP requiring treatment. RESULTS: ROP was diagnosed in 29 infants (26.1%), among whom 14 (12.6%) had severe ROP and seven (6.3%) had type 1 ROP. Multivariate logistic regression showed that decreased CB TGFBI levels were significantly associated with severe ROP and type 1 ROP after adjusting for gestational age at birth. Stepwise regression analysis allowed to design prediction models with good accuracy, which comprised low CB TGFBI levels and low birth weight (BW) as predictors for severe ROP (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.888), and low CB endoglin levels and low BW as predictors for type 1 ROP (AUC = 0.950). None of the other CB proteins evaluated were found to be associated with severe ROP or type 1 ROP. CONCLUSIONS: Low CB TGFBI levels are associated with severe ROP and type 1 ROP, independently of gestational age. Moreover, combined predictive models based on CB TGFBI and endoglin levels, along with BW data, may act as good indicators at birth for the neonatal risk of ROP progression.

Expression of inflammatory, angiogenic, and extracellular matrix-related mediators in the cervicovaginal fluid of women with preterm premature rupture of membranes: Relationship with acute histological chorioamnionitis.

PROBLEM: To investigate whether altered expression of various inflammation-, angiogenesis-, and extracellular matrix-related mediators in cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) could be independently associated with acute histological chorioamnionitis (HCA), microbial-associated HCA, and funisitis in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHOD OF STUDY: Clinical data of 102 consecutive singleton pregnant women with PPROM at 23+0 to 34+0 weeks were retrospectively analyzed. CVF samples were collected upon admission. Levels of APRIL, DKK-3, IGFBP-1/2, IL-6/8, lipocalin-2, M-CSF, MIP-1α, MMP-8/9, S100A8A9, TGFBI, TIMP-1, TNFR2, uPA, and VDBP were determined by ELISA. Placentas were histologically examined after birth. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that: (1) elevated CVF levels of IL-8 and TNFR2 were independently associated with acute HCA; (2) elevated CVF levels of IL-6, IL-8, M-CSF, MMP-8, and TNFR2 were independently associated with microbial-associated HCA; and (3) elevated CVF IL-8 and MMP-8 levels were independently associated with funisitis when adjusted for gestational age. Areas under the curves of the aforementioned CVF biomarkers ranged within 0.61-0.77, thereby demonstrating poor to fair diagnostic capacity for these clinical endpoints. HCA risk significantly increased as the CVF levels of each inflammatory mediator increased (P for trend < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we identified several inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6/8, M-CSF, MMP-8, and TNFR2) in the CVF that are independently associated with acute HCA, microbial-associated HCA, and funisitis in women with PPROM. Furthermore, the degree of inflammatory response in the CVF, based on the levels of these proteins, demonstrated a direct relationship with HCA risk (especially risk severity).

High-throughput analysis of amniotic fluid proteins associated with histological chorioamnionitis in preterm premature rupture of membranes using an antibody-based microarray.

PROBLEM: To identify potential proteins in the amniotic fluid (AF) that may be associated with histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) using antibody-based microarray analysis. METHOD OF STUDY: This was a retrospective cohort study involving 100 singleton pregnant women with PPROM at 24-34 weeks who underwent amniocentesis and delivered within 120 h of amniocentesis. First, the AF proteomes of 15 patients with PPROM and HCA were compared with those of 15 gestational age-matched patients without HCA using a protein microarray. Next, 12 candidate proteins associated with HCA were further validated in 100 consecutive patients with PPROM by ELISA. RESULTS: Of 507 proteins assessed in the microarray analysis, 46 showed significant intergroup differences. Further quantification confirmed that the levels of EN-RAGE, IL-6, MMP-9, TNFR2, SPARC, TSP2, and uPA were higher in the AF of PPROM patients with HCA than in those without. Multivariate analyses also showed that elevated AF EN-RAGE, IL-6, MMP-9, and TNFR2 levels were independently associated with HCA when adjusted for baseline variables. The frequency of the highest quartile of the aforementioned proteins significantly increased as the total grade of HCA increased; the risk of HCA significantly increased with increasing AF levels of each protein (P for trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Using protein-antibody microarray technology, we discovered several potential AF proteins (EN-RAGE, IL-6, MMP-9, and TNFR2) independently associated with HCA in patients with PPROM. Furthermore, we demonstrated a direct correlation between the gradation of the intra-amniotic inflammatory response and HCA severity.

Maternal Plasma and Amniotic Fluid LBP, Pentraxin 3, Resistin, and IGFBP-3: Biomarkers of Microbial Invasion of Amniotic Cavity and/or Intra-amniotic Inflammation in Women with Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), pentraxin 3, resistin, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in plasma and amniotic fluid (AF) can predict microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC), intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI), and microbial-associated IAI in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study involving 168 singleton pregnant women with PPROM. AF obtained via amniocentesis was cultured and assayed for interleukin (IL)-6 to define IAI and for IL-8 to compare with AF biomarkers. Plasma samples were collected at the time of amniocentesis, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in serum were compared with plasma biomarkers. The stored plasma and AF samples were assayed for LBP, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), resistin, and IGFBP-3 by ELISA. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that: 1) elevated plasma and AF levels of LBP were independently associated with increased risks of MIAC, IAI, and microbial-associated IAI; 2) elevated AF, but not plasma, PTX3, and resistin levels were independently associated with increased risks of MIAC, IAI, and microbial-associated IAI; 3) decreased IGFBP-3 levels in the plasma were independently associated with only IAI, whereas those in the AF were associated with only microbial-associated IAI. Among the tested biomarkers, AF PTX3 and resistin had the highest predictive performance for MIAC, IAI, and microbial-associated IAI (area under the curves [AUC] = 0.85-0.95), which is similar to the performance of AF IL-8. The AUCs of the plasma LBP and IGFBP-3 were similar to that of serum CRP with respect to IAI. CONCLUSION: Maternal plasma LBP and IGFBP-3 are potential biomarkers for the non-invasive identification of IAI in women with PPROM, with a similar accuracy to the serum CRP level. AF LBP, PTX3, resistin, and IGFBP-3 may be involved in the intra-amniotic inflammatory responses in PPROM complicated by MIAC.

A protein microarray analysis of amniotic fluid proteins for the prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes at 23 to 30 weeks of gestation.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify novel biomarkers in the amniotic fluid (AF) related to imminent spontaneous preterm delivery (SPTD) (≤ 14 days after sampling) in women with early preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), using a protein microarray. METHOD: This was a retrospective cohort study of a total of 88 singleton pregnant women with PPROM (23+0 to 30+6 weeks) who underwent amniocentesis. A nested case-control study for biomarker discovery was conducted using pooled AF samples from controls (non-imminent delivery, n = 15) and cases (imminent SPTD, n = 15), which were analyzed using an antibody microarray. Quantitative validation of four candidate proteins was performed, using ELISA, in the total cohort (n = 88). IL-8, MMP-9, and Fas levels were additionally measured for the comparison and to examine association of SPTD with the etiologic factors of PPROM. RESULTS: Of all the proteins studied in the protein microarray, four showed significant intergroup differences. Analyses of the total cohort by ELISA confirmed the significantly elevated concentrations of AF lipocalin-2, MMP-9, and S100 A8/A9, but not of endostatin and Fas, in women who delivered within 14 days of sampling. For inflammatory proteins showing a significant association, the odds of SPTD within 14 days increased significantly with an increase in baseline AF levels of the proteins (P for trend <0.05 for each) in each quartile, especially in the 3rd and 4th quartile. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several potential novel biomarkers (i.e., lipocalin-2, MMP-9, and S100 A8/A9) related to SPTD within 14 days of sampling, all of which are inflammation-related molecules. Furthermore, the SPTD risk increased with increasing quartiles of each of these inflammatory proteins, especially the 3rd and 4th quartile of each protein. The present findings may highlight the importance of inflammatory mechanisms and the degree of activated inflammatory response in developing SPTD in early PPROM.

Assessment of the effect of transobturator tape surgery on women's sexual function using a validated questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: Women with pelvic floor disorders and urinary incontinence (UI) are at an increased risk of sexual dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surgery for UI on sexual function. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 82 women who underwent mid-urethral transobturator tape (TOT) surgery between March 2010 and December 2014. The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20) and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire-12 (PISQ-12) were administered pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: We observed a significant increase in the total postoperative PISQ-12 scores compared to the preoperative scores (from 27.1±7.3 to 30.5±6.8, P<0.001). Improved sexual function was confirmed in the physical (13.3±4.5 vs. 15.8±3.5, P<0.001) and partner-related domains (6.7±2.6 vs. 7.4±2.4, P=0.001). Coital incontinence and preoperative urinary distress inventory score were significant factors influencing postoperative sexual function in women undergoing TOT surgery for UI after adjusting for age, body mass index, menopause, and preoperative PISQ-12 score in multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSION: TOT surgery for UI correction resulted in significant improvement in sexual function.

Predictors of Acute Postoperative Urinary Retention after Transvaginal Uterosacral Suspension Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the rate of postoperative urinary retention (POUR) and identify the risk factors for this complication in women who underwent transvaginal uterosacral suspension surgery. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for 75 women who underwent transvaginal uterosacral suspension surgery with vaginal hysterectomy, repair of cystocele, and levator myorrhaphy with/without transobturator anti-incontinence surgery. POUR was defined as a need for continuous intermittent catheterization on the third day subsequent to removal of the urethral indwelling catheter. RESULTS: Acute POUR was reported in 18 women (24.0%). Thirty-six of the 75 patients (48.0%) had undergone anti-incontinence surgery. Crude analysis revealed significant association between the following variables and the risk of POUR: hypertension, the lower average flow rate in the pressure-flow study (PFS), greater post-void residual (PVR) urine volume in PFS, and PVR >30% of the total bladder capacity (TBC) in PFS. In the logistic regression analysis, PVR >30% of the TBC in PFS was identified as the only significant predictor of POUR (odds ratio, 15.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.5-90.9; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The PVR >30% of the TBC in PFS was identified as the only predictive factor of acute POUR in women who underwent transvaginal uterosacral suspension surgery.