High-dose-rate plesiotherapy with customized molds in non-melanoma skin cancer: efficacy and safety at 10 years-single institution experience.

PURPOSE: Our center adopted high-dose-rate brachytherapy with surface applicators (plesiotherapy) in 2008, creating custom molds to treat irregular areas. This study describes the efficacy and safety outcomes after extensive follow-up in the patients. METHODS/PATIENTS: We planned the treatment using two computed tomography (CT) scans: the first to delineate the lesion and the second after placing the thermoplastic mold. Fusing the two CT images enables planning of the target volume and pinpointing, where the catheters are in the mold. RESULTS: Seventy patients received plesiotherapy, either exclusively or following excision in patients with risk factors for recurrence. Those receiving plesiotherapy alone showed a complete response rate of 95.8%, and recurrences occurred in 5.7% at a mean follow-up of 96.2 months. Chronic toxicity appeared in 26.6% of patients, but severity was limited to grade 1 or 2. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose-rate brachytherapy with customized molds yields a high rate of complete response, with long-term recurrence rates in line with similar studies and an acceptable toxicity rate.

An association analysis for 14 candidate genes mapping to meat quality quantitative trait loci in a Duroc pig population reveals that the ATP1A2 genotype is highly associated with muscle electric conductivity.

In previous GWAS carried out in a Duroc commercial line (Lipgen population), we detected on pig chromosomes 3, 4 and 14 several QTL for gluteus medius muscle redness (GM a*), electric conductivity in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD CE) and vaccenic acid content in the LD muscle (LD C18:1 n - 7), respectively. We have genotyped, in the Lipgen population, 19 SNPs mapping to 14 genes located within these QTL. Subsequently, association analyses have been performed. After correction for multiple testing, two SNPs in the TGFBRAP1 (rs321173745) and SELENOI (rs330820437) genes were associated with GM a*, whereas ACADSB (rs81449951) and GPR26 (rs343087568) genotypes displayed significant associations with LD vaccenic content. Moreover, the polymorphisms located at the ATP1A2 (rs344748241), ATP8B2 (rs81382410) and CREB3L4 (rs321278469 and rs330133789) genes showed significant associations with LD CE. We made a second round of association analyses including the SNPs mentioned above as well as other SNPs located in the chromosomes to which they map. After performing a correction for multiple testing, the only association that remained significant at the chromosome-wide level was that between the ATP1A2 genotype and LD CE. From a functional point of view, this association is meaningful because this locus encodes a subunit of the Na+ /K+ -ATPase responsible for maintaining an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane.

Technical note: Advantages and limitations of authenticating Palmera goat dairy products by pyrosequencing the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene.

Inferring the breed of origin of dairy products can be achieved through molecular analysis of genetic markers with a population-specific pattern of segregation. The goal of the current work was to generate such markers in goats by resequencing several pigmentation genes [melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), tyrosinase (TYR), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2)]. This experiment revealed 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), including 5 missense mutations and 1 nonsense mutation. These markers were genotyped in 560 goats from 18 breeds originally from Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands, and North Africa. Although the majority of SNP segregated at moderate frequencies in all populations (including 2 additional markers that were used as a source of information), we identified a c.764G>A SNP in MC1R that displayed highly divergent allelic frequencies in the Palmera breed compared with the Majorera and Tinerfeña breeds from the Canary Islands. Thus, we optimized a pyrosequencing-based technique that allowed us to estimate, very accurately, the allele frequencies of this marker in complex DNA mixtures from different individuals. Once validated, we applied this method to generating breed-specific DNA profiles that made it possible to detect fraudulent cheeses in which Palmero cheese was manufactured with milk from Majorera goats. One limitation of this approach, however, is that it cannot be used to detect illegal manufacturing where Palmero dairy products are produced by mixing milk from Palmera and Majorera goats, because the c.764G>A SNP segregates in both breeds.

Prevention of acute radiation enteritis: efficacy and tolerance of glutamine.

PURPOSE Our primary endpoint is to determine the effect of L-glutamine Resource (Nestlé Healthcare Nutrition) in the prevention of induced enteritis after pelvic radiotherapy (RT). METHODS We observed the incidence of diarrhoea during and after pelvic radiation therapy in patients receiving L-glutamine Resource (Nestlé Healthcare Nutrition) supplementation. To assess results, patients were stratified according to prior treatment (prior surgery and/or concomitant chemotherapy, or no prior or concomitant treatment). RESULTS Incidence of diarrhoea observed is similar to published series in which glutamine is not administered. Grade 1 intestinal toxicity was observed in 4 patients (15.4%), grade 2 in 10 patients (38.4%) and grade 3 in 5 patients (19.2%). Mean dose of RT at the start of enteritis was 23.55 Gy (12-40). No grade 4 toxicity occurred and in 7 patients (27%) no toxicity was reported. No differences in toxicity incidence were observed between RT dose levels. CONCLUSIONS Administration of glutamine to patients during pelvic RT does not appear to prevent the incidence of enteritis (diarrhoea). No differences were observed between patients who underwent concomitant chemotherapy (where you would expect an increase in toxicity) and those who did not.

Study of wool characteristics in the aranese ovine breed / Estudio de las características de la lana en la raza ovina aranesa

To date, no ethnological study on the wool characteristics of the Spanish Aranese ovine breed has been published. Fifty three animals belonging to this breed are tested as fleece samples. Each sample is analyzed for fleece type and length, yield by isoalcohol scouring, fiber length for each kind of fiber, variation in fiber diameter, and proportions of non-medullated and medullated or kemp fibers. Fiber length appears shorter than that previously reported for the breed by other authors. Fleeces of the Aranese sheep breed can be described as square, simple, "semi-open" and short with a relatively high yield by isoalcohol scouring and low medullation levels, thus indicating good potential quality and greater suitability for potential processing than other similar meat breeds.

Hasta el momento, ningún estudio etnológico sobre las características de la lana de la variedad española ovina Aranesa ha sido publicado. Cincuenta y tres animales de esta raza han sido analizados a partir de muestras de su vellón. Cada muestra se analizó para el tipo de vellón y longitud, su rendimiento mediante isoalcohol desgrasado, longitud de las fibras para cada tipo de fibra, variación en el diámetro de la fibra, y las proporciones de fibras no meduladas y meduladas o fibras kemp. La longitud de las fibras parece más corta que la reportada para esta raza por otros autores. El vellón de la raza ovina Aranesa se puede describir como cuadrado, simple, "semi-abierto" y corto, con un rendimiento relativamente alto por desengrasado mediante isoalcohol y bajos niveles de medulación, lo que indica la buena calidad potencial y mayor oportunidad para el procesamiento potencial que otras razas similares de carne.

On biometrical aspects of the cephalic anatomy of xisqueta sheep (Catalunya, Spain) / Aspectos biométricos de la anatomía cefálica de la oveja xisqueta (Cataluña, España)

This study, based on a 48 Xisqueta skull samples, gives a statistical insight of the skull shape in this breed. Thirty eight measurements and eight indexes were recorded. The variance structure was done using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This was possible sequel to the application and permission of the covariance matrix. The mean length of the skulls was found to be 265.51 +/- 22.24 mm, with the width and cephalic index to the magnitude of 117.2 +/- 6.89 mm and 44.69 +/- 4.29 mm, respectively. The viscerocranium length was 143.07 +/- 9.74 mm thus indicating a similar portion with the neurocranium part of the skull (137.17 +/- 6.25 mm). The orbit was slightly almond shaped. Variability was generally high within parameters but parameter variation was less in regard to basal surface length parameters than the others. The results from Principal Component Analysis indicated that skull variance was concentrated on the first two components. The first principal component explained 99.21 percent of the generalized variance in skull parameters and gave special emphasis to viscerocranium. The second principal component may be called the neurocranial component. The first and the second principal components explained 99.77 percent of the observed variance. The third principal component was related with foramen magnum and orbital parameters.

Este estudio, basado en una muestra de 48 cráneos de Xisqueta, da una visión estadística de la biometría del cráneo de esta raza. Treinta y ocho mediciones y ocho índices fueron tomados. La longitud media de los cráneos se encontraron entre 265,51 +/- 22,24 mm con el ancho e índice cefálico con la magnitud de 117,2 +/- 6,89 mm y 44,69 +/- 4,29 mm respectivamente. La longitud del viscerocráneo fue 143,07 +/- 9,74 mm, lo que indica una porción similar con la parte del neurocráneo (137,17 +/- 6,25 mm). La órbita tuvo una forma ligeramente de almendra. La variabilidad fue generalmente alta dentro de los parámetros, pero fueron menores en la longitud de la superficie basal. La estructura de varianza se realizó utilizando un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Esto fue posible gracias a la aplicación y la permisividad de la matriz de covarianza. La solución del ACP indica que la varianza del cráneo se concentró en los dos primeros componentes. El primer componente principal explicó el 99,21 por ciento de la varianza generalizada en los parámetros de cráneo y prestó especial atención al viscerocráneo. El segundo componente principal se puede llamar el componente neurocráneo. El primer y el segundo componente principal explicaron 99,77 por ciento de la varianza observada. El tercer componente principal estaba relacionado con el foramen magno y los parámetros orbitales.

Use of radiation treatment units in breast cancer. Changes in the last 15 years.

INTRODUCTION: Advances in diagnosis and treatment in oncology combined with technical advances in radiotherapy have resulted in qualitative and quantitative changes in the use of radiation to treat breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyse changes in radiation indications from 1990 to the present time and their consequences in the use of treatments units. METHODS AND MATERIAL: From January 1990 to December 2005, 4545 radiation treatments for breast cancer were performed, classified as radical after conservative surgery, radical after mastectomy or palliative. Data are presented as relative frequencies and as 3-year period groups. RESULTS: An increase in the proportion of treatments for breast cancer and in treatment unit use distribution is observed. Radical treatments have increased over time, ranging from 55% in the first 3-year period group to 82% in the last one. Unit treatment distribution analysis is similar, but with a less important increase, rising from 85% to 95%. A rise in conservative treatment is also observed, from 43% to 75%. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in breast cancer incidence is observed and there was also an increase in irradiation after conservative treatment. On the contrary, probably due to the rise in the use of systemic treatments, a decrease in postmastectomy irradiation and palliative treatments is shown.

Risk factors of local relapse in breast cancer: the importance of age.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present analysis is to know what risk factors affect local relapse in breast cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 1165 patients diagnosed with early breast cancer were included. Boost dose was modulated in the presence of risk factors. Patients with one risk factor received a boost of 10 Gy, while 20 Gy was administered in those with two risk factors. RESULTS: Median follow-up was of 60 months. Mean age of patients was 56.7+/-10.8 years. Local risk factors were present in 82.8% of patients. The probability of remaining free of local recurrence at 5 and 10 years is 97.7% (CI 95%: 96.7-98.7) and 94.5% (CI 95%: 92.1-96.9). Only age showed an impact in local relapse on multivariate analysis. Patients 40 years or younger had a relative risk of local relapse of 5.27 and patients 41-50 of 3.7 with respect to patients older than 50 years. CONCLUSION: Patients 40 years or younger have a higher risk of local failure than older patients. Other risk factors such as tumour size, intraductal carcinoma or margin status could be masked by an increase of radiation dose.

Conservation genetics of an endangered Catalonian cattle breed ("Alberes")

A estrutura genética de uma populaçäo de Alberes, uma raça de gado dos Pirineus catalônicos (Espanha e França) em risco de extinçäo, foi analisada e caracterizada bioquimicamente. Noventa e dois indivíduos foram analisados para 5 loci genéticos polimórficos (Hb, Alb, Tf, GC e Ptf2). Os animais foram agrupados de acordo com a cor do pêlo: variedade Fagina Alberes (N=39) e Black Alberes (N=53). As estruturas genéticas e as relaçöes entre estas subpopulaçöes e uma raça extra ("Bruna dels Pirineus") foram analisadas e comparadas pela estatística F. A endogamia na raça Alberes näo foi significante, pois foram obtidos valores FIT e FIS negativos e näo significantes. A diferenciaçäo genética média entre as subpopulaçöes dentro da raça Alberes foi 1,5 por cento (FST=0,015; P<0,05), com um número efetivo de 4,1 indivíduos trocados entre as subpopulaçöes por geraçäo (fluxo de gene). Os resultados obtidos neste estudo confirmaram o perigo potencial de extinçäo da raça. A variedade Black Alberes é sugerida de isolamento genético em relaçäo a outras populaçöes estrangeiras.

[Perception of medical advice: in all cases and to all patients equally?]. / Percepción del consejo médico: inverted question marken todos los casos y a todos los pacientes por igual?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the perception of counseling in population depending of a Primary Care Centre with pathologies susceptible of receiving it. To identify variable associated to absence of medical advice. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study, accomplished in a urban Primary Care Centre is performed. 320 subjects between 15-75 years-old were randomly selected among all patients visited in our centre during the last two years. Clinical chart were reviewed and age, sex, physician, studies, profession, frequency of the visits, previous pathologies and toxic habits susceptible of medical advice (obesity/overweight, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking , excessive alcohol consumption) were recorded. Afterwards, a standardized telephone questionnaire was accomplished, valuing the perception of counseling. Variable associated to absence of medical advice were studied by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 43.2 years-old (SD 17.4), and 53.1% were women. The survey was completed in 85% of the cases. 64.1% of the cases presented with pathologies susceptible of counseling. When it was indicated patients reminded to had received medical advice about physical exercise in 66.2% of the cases, about smoking in 50.9%, about fiber consumption in 44.3% and about alcohol abuse in 27.8%. A frequency of the visits inferior to 3 call/year was associated to lack of advice about physical exercise (OR = 3.5; IC 95%: 2.0-6.0), fiber consume (OR = 2.4; IC 95%: 1.3-4.5) and smoking (OR = 3.3; CI 95%: 1.4-8.0) Age under 26 years-old was associated to lack of counseling about physical exercise (OR = 3.5; IC 95%: 1.6-7.7) and fiber consume (OR = 3.6; CI 95%: 1.3-9.2). CONCLUSIONS: Perception of medical advice in our area is low and therefore susceptible to be improved, specially with respect to alcohol abuse. Low frequenters (with respect to physical exercise, fiber consume and tobacco) and young patients (with respect to physical exercise and fiber consume) are the least advised by their physician.

Comparative analysis of morphological and behavioral characters in the domestic dog and their importance in the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in canids

Relationships among 25 dog breeds, classified a priori by their respective ancestral trunks, were studied using data from 29 morphological and 13 behavioral characteristics. Although a certain correlation was found between both types of traits (r = 0.13; P < 0.05), this relationship was not manifested, regarding the level of racial classification, in the obtained dendrograms. The relationships between breeds obtained from morphological data were more congruent than those obtained from behavioral data when compared with phylogenies from other sources of information (mainly electrophoretic analysis). This indicates that the morphological characters could give more and better complementary information than the behavioral ones in the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships of canids. The mean character difference (MCD), used as a measure of taxonomic resemblance between breeds, had a value of 0.53 (+ or - 0.12 STD), and was of a magnitude very similar to that obtained in other domestic animal species (cattle, horse, sheep and goats), indicating that a similar degree of morphological differences between breeds of these species exists.

[The knowledge of the obligatory reporting of diseases among health professionals]. / El conocimiento de la notificación de las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria en profesionales sanitarios.

In order to assess what different health care workers (mainly physicians and nursing staff) know about the reporting of communicable diseases, with special emphasis on diseases that must be urgently reported, four groups were interviewed about this health information system (91 persons, who took part in different Public Health Seminars during the periods 1989-90 and 1990-91). The total mean score was 16.6 +/- 5.2, in a quantitative scale ranging from 0 to 27 points. Cholera was the communicable disease with the highest percentage of correct answers concerning the knowledge of its reporting (100% in two groups), while typhus was the disease with the lowest percentage (23%). The diversity of the results within the study groups suggests that it is necessary to insist on a continuous training on epidemiological surveillance and communicable diseases within Public Health activities in Catalonia.