[Nationwide multidisciplinary developments in pancreatic cancer care in the Netherlands]. / Ontwikkelingen in de zorg voor patiënten met pancreascarcinoom.

In the past years several developments have occurred in the care for patients with pancreatic cancer in the Netherlands. New palliative chemotherapy strategies using FOLFRINOX or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel were introduced for patients with advanced disease. Due to centralization of pancreatic surgery, introduction of neoadjuvant therapy, and the implementation of standardized postoperative care more patients became enable for resection, postoperative mortality decreased, and survival improved. Within the randomized PREOPANC trial of the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group (DPCG), neoadjuvant therapy using chemoradiation for (borderline) resectable pancreatic cancer improved five-year survival from 7% to 21%. Furthermore, due to nationwide training programs, the use of minimally invasive surgery has increased. Regardless of these developments, the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer is still low and 61% of Dutch patients with pancreatic cancer patients do not receive any tumor targeted therapy. The DPCG is active to improve quality of care through auditing, research, guideline development, and education.

The radiation of microhylid frogs (Amphibia: Anura) on New Guinea: a mitochondrial phylogeny reveals parallel evolution of morphological and life history traits and disproves the current morphology-based classification.

Microhylidae account for the majority of frog species on New Guinea and have evolved an extraordinarily wide range of ecological, behavioural, and morphological traits. Several species are known for their unique paternal care behaviour, which includes guarding of clutches in some and additional froglet transport in other species. We sampled 48 out of 215 New Guinean microhylid species and all but two (Mantophryne and Pherohapsis) of 18 New Guinean genera and analysed a concatenated data set of partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes 12S and 16S, which comprises 1220 aligned nucleotide positions, in order to infer the phylogenetic relationships within this diverse group of frogs. The trees do provide resolution at shallow, but not at deep branches. Monophyly is rejected for the genera Callulops, Liophryne, Austrochaperina, Copiula, and Cophixalus as currently recognized. Six clades are well supported: (1) Hylophorbus and Callulops cf. robustus, (2) its sister taxon comprising Xenorhina, Asterophrys turpicola, and Callulops except for C. cf. robustus, (3) Liophryne rhododactyla, L. dentata, Oxydactyla crassa, and Sphenophryne cornuta, (4) Copiula and Austrochaperina, (5) Barygenys exsul, Cophixalus spp., and Oreophryne, (6) Cophixalus sphagnicola, Albericus laurini, and Choerophryne. The phylogenies provide evidence for the parallel evolution of parental care modes, life styles, and morphological traits that have thus far been emphasized in recent classifications.

Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Exchange in Decamethylbimetallocenes.

With the aim of studying next-neighbor magnetic interactions in polymeric metallocenes the paramagnetic decamethylbimetallocenes (M'M') have been chosen as most simple model compounds. They have been synthesized for vanadium, cobalt, and nickel (to yield V'V', Co'Co', and Ni'Ni', respectively) by starting from dilithium and dithallium salts of the fulvalene dianion. The latter have been characterized by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Decamethylbiferrocene has been synthesized as a diamagnetic standard compound, and decamethylbicobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate, as a precursor to Co'Co'. While the methylated M'M' species were stable when protected from air, the synthesis of the parent binickelocene (Ni'Ni') was accompanied by the formation of the ternickelocene NiNiNi. According to (1)H NMR spectroscopy NiNi and NiNiNi were antiferromagnetic and underwent ligand exchange to nickelocene and bisfulvalenedinickel. Unlike the usually green nickelocenes Ni'Ni' was deep red-violet owing to a new band at 528 nm. Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility (chi(m)) and the magnetization established a rare example of ferromagnetic interaction within a purely organometallic compound for Co'Co'. By contrast, V'V' and Ni'Ni' were antiferromagnetic (J = -1.6 and -180 cm(-)(1), respectively, with H = -JS(A).S(B)). The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra confirmed the expected structures of Co'Co' and Ni'Ni', while the synthesis of V'V'-d(8) and (2)H NMR spectroscopy were necessary to fully establish the vanadium compound. Temperature-dependent measurements of the (1)H NMR signal shifts and of chi(m) yielded similar J values for Ni'Ni'. MO calculations were carried out for M'M', and the results were converted into theoretical NMR spectra of the bridging fulvalene ligand depending on the spin-carrying MO. This allowed the full assignment of the NMR signals and showed that the spin is delocalized to more than one MO. The MOs were shown to have different magnetic coupling capabilities, and the different magnetic behavior of M'M' was attributed to the near-degeneracy of the magnetic orbitals.